LIFESTYLE, GENETICS AND SICKLE CELL ANEMIA: UNVEILING THE INTERPLAY OF RISK FACTORS

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) stands as a paradigm of the intricate interplay between genetic predisposition, environmental influences, and lifestyle factors shaping the complexity of this hemoglobinopathy. This comprehensive review endeavors to elucidate the multifaceted relationship between genetic determinants, environmental triggers, and individual lifestyle choices in the genesis, progression, and management of SCA. Genetically, SCA is rooted in mutations within the HBB gene, culminating in the production of aberrant hemoglobin and the characteristic sickled erythrocytes. This section scrutinizes the myriad of genetic variations, emphasizing their implications in disease severity and phenotypic diversity. The review further navigates the landscape of genetic modifiers, exploring their nuanced influence on disease manifestation among carriers of the sickle cell trait. Environmental determinants play a pivotal role in modulating the clinical course of SCA. Geographical disparities, climatic variations, prevalence of infections, and socio-economic factors intricately intertwine to influence disease prevalence, complications, and healthcare accessibility. This review meticulously examines the multifaceted impact of these environmental factors on the disease landscape. Moreover, lifestyle choices wield substantial influence over disease management and outcomes. Balanced nutrition, hydration, physical activity, and psychosocial well-being significantly impact disease severity and crisis occurrence. This section delves into the effects of lifestyle modifications, elucidating their role in minimizing complications and enhancing the quality of life for individuals navigating the challenges of SCA. This paper underscores the synergistic interplay of genetics, environmental influences, and lifestyle factors in sculpting the multifaceted nature of sickle cell anemia. Recognizing these intricate interactions provides a holistic framework for devising personalized management strategies and therapeutic interventions. The synthesis of these elements emphasizes the necessity of a comprehensive approach in unraveling the complexities of SCA and advancing tailored care for affected individuals.