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According to UNAIDS, there were approximately 37.9 million people across the globe with HIV/AIDS in 2018. Of these, 36.2million were adult and 1.7 million were children (<15years old). New HIV infection – An estimated 1.7 million individuals worldwide were newly infected with HIV in 2018.Blood coagulation abnormalities occur frequently in people infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Researches so far shows the retrovirus is associated with endothelial dysfunction and liver damage. Both endothelial dysfunction and liver damage can result in coagulation defect because most coagulation factors are produced in the liver and some are activated by the tissues therefore default to them can lead to coagulation defect. It is therefore expected that as HIV progresses coagulation abnormalities increases. However, few studies showed the association of these abnormalities with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time with kaolin (PTTK) use to assess the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway respectively alongside with platelet count help to screen for coagulation abnormalities in HIV infected person. The intrinsic pathway comprising of factor I,II,IX,X,XI and factor XII while the extrinsic pathway comprising of factor I,II,V,VIII and factor X. HIV-related thrombocytopenia (Tr-HIV) is the most common haemostatic disorder with a high morbidity and affects patients from every risk group independently of age, sex, or stage of infection. Two mechanisms are responsible for the Tr-HIV: bone marrow failure and immunological disorders, namely, circulating immune complex deposited on the platelet membrane and the production of autoantibodies directed against platelets.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common in older people. However, while young her CKD patients usually experience a progressive loss of renal function, his 30% of his CKD patients aged 65 years and older have stable disease. Red blood cells are constantly exposed to high concentrations of oxygen that promote the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Within 24 hours, 3% of haemoglobin is oxidized to form superoxide radicals. Studies have shown that haemoglobin itself is a catalyst for free radical reactions, and redox balance is maintained by the presence of antioxidant enzymes and low molecular weight reducing agents. Kidney tubular cells are rich in mitochondria. This is because reabsorption of solutes requires energy, making kidney cells particularly susceptible to oxidative stress and damage. In addition, free radicals and preoxidants produced during acute kidney injury (AKI) and CKD can exacerbate the damage. It may also play a role in the development of severe complications in distant organs commonly seen in AKI and CKD. B. Cardiovascular disease and neurological complications. Several studies have shown that plasma markers of oxidative stress are elevated in CKD patients, indicating increased systemic oxidative stress. Biomarkers for this disease are found in blood, serum, urine, and saliva, and the use of these fluids in clinical practice can help monitor disease.