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Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health concern, particularly in aging populations. Physiological aging is associated with a progressive decline in renal function, exacerbated by nutritional imbalances such as hypoproteinemia. In resource-limited settings, where access to a balanced diet and healthcare services is restricted, these factors become critical for CKD prevention. This study aims to demonstrate how the interaction between advanced age and hypoproteinemia contributes to the deterioration of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) across various regions in Cameroon. Objective: To analyze the synergistic effect of aging and hypoproteinemia on renal function in five localities of Western Cameroon, identifying high-risk populations and proposing targeted recommendations. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a representative sample of 768 adults aged 50 and above, categorized into four age groups (50–59, 60–69, 70–79, and ?80 years). Renal function was assessed using the MDRD equation to estimate GFR, and total protein levels were measured via spectrophotometry. Statistical analysis focused on correlations between age, plasma protein levels, and CKD prevalence across different localities. Results: The findings revealed a significant relationship between aging, hypoproteinemia, and renal function decline. CKD prevalence increased exponentially in individuals over 60 years, with higher rates observed in the Dschang and Baham localities. Additionally, hypoproteinemia was identified as an independent aggravating factor, increasing the risk of renal dysfunction by 2.3 times (95% CI: 1.8–2.9). Conclusions: These results underscore the need for enhanced nutritional and nephrological surveillance among elderly populations, particularly in regions with high malnutrition prevalence. A combined approach integrating nutritional strategies and early monitoring of renal biomarkers could help mitigate the CKD burden in these vulnerable populations.