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Education is the ever changing mechanism through which one can upgrade oneself as well as the society in bigger sense. This article studies the drainage of human resources among Tribal Community of Dooars Region of West Bengal in the light of Sarva Shiksha Avijaan (SSA). This study conducted in two blocks (Nagrakata & Malbazar) of Jalpaiguri, a Sarva Shiksha Mission (SSM) district of West Bengal since 2002 to evaluate and assess the reasons behind Dropout Children. To identify the effects, we use structured schedule containing seventeen independent variables viz. Age of respondent (X1), Calorie intake value (X2), Food intake value(X3), Body Mass Index (X4) ,Use of teaching learning material at school (X5), Communication to school (X6), Attitude of teacher on student (X7), Role of school teacher in understanding text book (X8), Role of father in understanding text book (X9), Role of mother in understanding text books (X10), Encouragement of mother towards education (X11), Adequate dress during school hour (X12), Access to text (X13), Home environment (X14) ,Socio taboo (X15), Climate factor (X16), Financial condition(X17), Mode of communication (X18), House hold activity(X19) and Engagement in productive activity (X20) against dependent variable Level of Dropout (Y).

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health concern, particularly in aging populations. Physiological aging is associated with a progressive decline in renal function, exacerbated by nutritional imbalances such as hypoproteinemia. In resource-limited settings, where access to a balanced diet and healthcare services is restricted, these factors become critical for CKD prevention. This study aims to demonstrate how the interaction between advanced age and hypoproteinemia contributes to the deterioration of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) across various regions in Cameroon. Objective: To analyze the synergistic effect of aging and hypoproteinemia on renal function in five localities of Western Cameroon, identifying high-risk populations and proposing targeted recommendations. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a representative sample of 768 adults aged 50 and above, categorized into four age groups (50–59, 60–69, 70–79, and ?80 years). Renal function was assessed using the MDRD equation to estimate GFR, and total protein levels were measured via spectrophotometry. Statistical analysis focused on correlations between age, plasma protein levels, and CKD prevalence across different localities. Results: The findings revealed a significant relationship between aging, hypoproteinemia, and renal function decline. CKD prevalence increased exponentially in individuals over 60 years, with higher rates observed in the Dschang and Baham localities. Additionally, hypoproteinemia was identified as an independent aggravating factor, increasing the risk of renal dysfunction by 2.3 times (95% CI: 1.8–2.9). Conclusions: These results underscore the need for enhanced nutritional and nephrological surveillance among elderly populations, particularly in regions with high malnutrition prevalence. A combined approach integrating nutritional strategies and early monitoring of renal biomarkers could help mitigate the CKD burden in these vulnerable populations.

The issue of sanitation and urban hygiene is a crucial aspect of sustainable urban development. In the case of Togolese cities in general and Lomé in particular, despite the fact that the State, local authorities, and NGOs have implemented numerous initiatives, the results observed remain insufficient, largely due to a crisis of eco-citizenship among urban residents. The crisis of eco-citizenship refers to a lack of awareness, commitment, and responsible behavior by citizens towards the urban environment. This crisis is manifested in daily practices that undermine public sanitation and hygiene policies. Using a methodological approach that is both qualitative and quantitative, through questionnaires, structured interviews, field observation, and documentary research, this study shows that the failure of sanitation and hygiene policies, evidenced by the persistence of unsanitary conditions in Togolese cities, and more specifically in Lomé, results from a complex interaction between public policies insufficiently embraced by the population and citizen practices characterized by a lack of environmental responsibility. The analysis of the case of Lomé highlights that the failure of sanitation and hygiene policies cannot be understood independently of the crisis of eco-citizenship. If financial, technical, and institutional constraints are real obstacles, they are not sufficient to explain the persistence of urban unsanitariness. The lack of citizen engagement, the normalization of polluting practicies, and the weak social appropriation of public policies play a decisive role in this failure.