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Malaria is the most common protozoan infection and is one of the major public health problems in developing nations like Nepal. This study was conducted to find out total number of malaria cases in BPKIHS from 2006 to 2015 AD and to know the duration for which cases were admitted and improvement seen in them. This is a hospital based retrospective study conducted from 27th November to 10thDecember to see the number of malaria cases in B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan of Nepal, a tertiary level referral hospital in the Eastern Nepal. It was study in which secondary data, consistent with the diagnosis of malaria was collected from the Medical Record Section of BPKIHS and reviewed. Five hundred fifty four cases of malaria were enrolled. The patients were predominantly males (nearly 61.2%) and it was more commonly seen in 1-20 years age group (40.8%). Most of the cases were from Jhapa (22%), Sunsari (19.5%) and Morang (17.3%) District respectively. Most of the patients (69.9%) were admitted in Medicine wards. Almost 83.9% of admitted malaria cases were improved in BPKIHS.There seems to be decreasing number of cases since 2010 but still there is burden of malaria cases. We conclude that the problem of malaria is common and has become a key public health concern for all.

The high awareness level of the beneficial effect of cocoa powder which is accompanied by low consumption is a source of concern in Nigeria over the years. The awareness level of health benefit of cocoa consumption is (70.0%) while consumption rate of cocoa powder is as low as (31.3%). The resultant effect of this is the high expenditure on treatment of malaria (57.3%) of the respondent spent close to 3999 in the treatment of malaria. However, many used various means of treatment while (50.0%) spend money on drugs for malaria treatments. Those who consumed cocoa powder frequently is as low as (13.0%) while 56.0% rarely consumed in spite of knowledge of the beneficial effect of regular intake of cocoa powder on human health. Similarly, the results from this study shows that, the health history of consumption among respondent with genotype AA is as high as (46.7%), these have health history of frequent malaria occurrence (54.7%), high family attack of malaria (66.7%) while (50.0%) of these respondents used drug for treatment of malaria.

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium species and transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in children with severe malaria is common and associated with adverse hospital outcome. It has become increasingly prevalent in both developed and developing countries and it is associated with severe morbidity and mortality especially in children. The recognized factors associated with acute kidney injury among children with severe malaria are sociodemographic factors (age, sex, age of parents and level of education of parents); clinical factors and laboratory factors such hyperparasitaemia, hypoglycaemia, low level of haemoglobin and thrombocytopenia. This review showed that there is a high prevalence of acute kidney injury among children with severe malaria. Acute kidney injury among children with severe malaria is associated with low level of education of caretakers, young age of children, history of receiving NSAIDs and anaemia. The mortality rate of children with AKI is high.

Anemia remains a pervasive concern among children in malaria-endemic regions, presenting a significant health challenge compounded by the coexistence of malaria. This review aims to explore practical interventions and effective strategies for managing anemia specifically in children afflicted with malaria, with the overarching goal of improving health outcomes in this vulnerable population. The interplay between anemia and malaria is multifaceted, wherein the parasitic infection leads to hemolysis, compromised hemoglobin synthesis, and consequent anemia in affected children. Accurate diagnosis is pivotal, necessitating the utilization of rapid diagnostic tests for timely identification of both conditions amid overlapping symptoms. The management approach involves a comprehensive strategy encompassing prompt antimalarial therapy alongside targeted interventions addressing anemia. This includes the administration of iron supplements, folic acid, and vitamin B12, coupled with blood transfusions in severe cases to restore depleted stores and enhance erythropoiesis. Moreover, ensuring adequate nutrition, hydration, and community engagement are integral facets of holistic care. Promoting balanced diets rich in essential nutrients, alongside education programs emphasizing preventive measures and early recognition of symptoms, plays a crucial role in mitigating morbidity and mortality rates. In conclusion, the effective management of anemia in children with malaria demands a multifaceted approach, integrating timely diagnosis, tailored treatment, nutritional support, and community-based interventions. Collaborative efforts among healthcare professionals, policymakers, and communities are imperative to address the complexities of these concurrent health challenges, aiming for improved health outcomes and a brighter future for affected children in malaria-endemic regions.

Co-infection with both HIV and malaria presents a complex medical challenge, particularly concerning hematocrit variations that often result in anemia in affected individuals. This comprehensive review aims to explore and synthesize existing literature to elucidate the multifaceted nature of hematocrit alterations observed in HIV patients concurrently infected with malaria. The pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to hematocrit variations in this co-infected population involve a complex interplay between the immunosuppressive effects of HIV and the hemolytic nature of malaria parasites. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted interventions. Diagnostic challenges abound due to overlapping symptoms and limitations in conventional diagnostic tools, necessitating the exploration of more advanced diagnostic methodologies to accurately assess and monitor hematocrit levels in co-infected individuals. The clinical implications of hematocrit variations in this context extend beyond mere anemia, impacting disease severity, treatment response, and the overall prognosis of affected patients. Anemia complicates therapeutic interventions, potentially affecting the efficacy of antiretroviral and antimalarial treatments. Persistent anemia in co-infected individuals increases vulnerability to opportunistic infections and compromises treatment outcomes, underscoring the necessity for comprehensive management strategies. These strategies encompass a holistic approach involving antiretroviral therapies, antimalarial drugs, nutritional support, and potential interventions such as blood transfusions in severe cases. In conclusion, this review consolidates current knowledge, emphasizing the need for further research to elucidate the nuances of hematocrit variations in HIV patients co-infected with malaria. Improved understanding, enhanced diagnostic modalities, and optimized management strategies are crucial to mitigate the impact of anemia and improve outcomes in this vulnerable patient population.

Pediatric anemia in the context of malaria infections presents a significant health challenge, particularly in regions where malaria is endemic. This abstract delves into the crucial need for integrated approaches to effectively manage anemia among children afflicted by malaria, aiming to improve their overall health outcomes. The intricate relationship between anemia and malaria underscores the importance of holistic healthcare interventions. Malaria-induced hemolysis often exacerbates anemia, leading to elevated morbidity and mortality rates in affected children. Integrated strategies encompassing healthcare interventions and robust public health initiatives are pivotal in addressing these intertwined health concerns. Key integrated healthcare interventions include early and accurate diagnosis, prompt antimalarial treatment, and tailored anemia management, such as iron supplementation and nutritional support. Community engagement initiatives promoting preventive measures and access to healthcare facilities play a critical role in reducing malaria transmission and subsequent anemia burden. In conclusion, the implementation of integrated healthcare models that amalgamate early diagnosis, prompt treatment, nutritional support, and comprehensive public health strategies is indispensable for alleviating anemia in pediatric malaria cases. Collaboration among healthcare professionals, policymakers, and communities is imperative for the successful implementation of these approaches, ultimately contributing to improved health outcomes for children affected by malaria-associated anemia.

Co-infection with HIV and malaria presents a multifaceted clinical scenario with intricate immunological interplays, wherein neutrophils, the primary mediators of innate immunity, emerge as pivotal actors. This paper aims to comprehensively analyze the dynamic role of neutrophils in the progression of HIV within the context of malaria co-infection. Neutrophils, conventionally viewed as short-lived effectors, exhibit remarkable plasticity and multifunctionality, contributing significantly to immune responses during co-infections. Their phenotype and functions undergo profound alterations in response to the complex milieu of both HIV and malaria, impacting disease progression and immunomodulation. This paper scrutinizes the nuanced alterations in neutrophil phenotypes, their diverse effector functions, and their contributions to immunopathogenesis within the HIV-malaria co-infection paradigm. Neutrophils, driven by dysregulated cytokines and inflammatory cues, exhibit heightened activation, potentially exacerbating tissue damage and chronic immune activation. Insights gleaned from understanding neutrophil dynamics in this co-infection scenario hold significant therapeutic implications. Potential interventions targeting neutrophil responses offer promising avenues for modulating immune dysregulation and managing disease progression. The review underscores the need for innovative therapeutic approaches aimed at harnessing neutrophil functionalities to mitigate HIV progression within malaria co-infected individuals. In conclusion, unraveling the intricate roles of neutrophils provides critical insights into the immunopathogenesis of HIV within the context of malaria co-infection. This comprehensive understanding not only sheds light on immune modulation but also presents a foundation for future therapeutic strategies aimed at improving clinical outcomes in this complex co-infection scenario.