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Bactrocera dorsalis hendel and Ceratitis cosyra Walker are the major pests of mango. The study of the population dynamics of C. cosyra revealed that the presence of B. dorsalis in orchards leads to the fall of its numbers. From this perspective, some aspects of competition between these two species have been demonstrated in the tropical climate sudanese in northern Côte d\'Ivoire. The experiments were carried out under semi-natural conditions in the orchard and under ambient conditions in the laboratory. The study of interspecific competition showed that in the presence of B. dorsalis larvae, a reduction rate of 33.74 ± 0.08 % and a natural rate of increase of 0.118 ± 0.005 at C. cosyra were obtained. In the presence of C. cosyra larvae, the reduction rate was 0.5 ± 0.01 % and the natural rate of increase of 0.152 ± 0.004 at B. dorsalis. In no-choice situation, the number of bites cause by B. dorsalis on fruit previously infested with C. cosyra was higher. While that of C. cosyra on fruit previously infested with B. dorsalis was low. In a situation of choice, no bites of C. cosyra were noted on the fruit previously infested with B. dorsalis. The duration of larval development of C. cosyra was short that of B. dorsalis.

Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) have made a significant impact in American life. HBCUs make up only 3% of the nation’s four year colleges but they have educated 50% of black teachers, 50% of its black doctors, and 80% of the nation’s black judges, 40% of the black engineers, 40% of the black members of Congress, and 13% of the black CEOs in the nation today (Hill, 2019). HBCUs have played a major role in creating and maintaining the black middle class. It is important for these schools to survive. In total, the nation’s HBCUs generate $14.8 billion economic impact annually and generate 134, 000 jobs for their local and regional economies. The presence of an HBCU boosts economic activity beyond the campus. It leads to stronger communities and a more developed workforce (UNCF, 2014). However state funding cuts, declining enrollment, increasing competition, and lack of alumni support threaten the future of HBCUs.