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Introduction: Cancer o fcolon and rectum is the most common cancer of the gastrointestinal tract.Various factors are attributed to interplay between environmental,dietary factors and lifestyle of the patients with carcinoma rectum. Objective: This article covers the profile of these patients,comparison for complications rates between hand sewen anastomosis and circular stapled anastomosis ,recurrence rates,disease free and overall survival, different adjuvant regimes in patients undergoing sphincter preservation surgery. Materials and methods: 70 Patients (carcinoma rectum proven )with growth between 6-12cm from analverge were taken from July 2007 to June 2010 and were followed upto december2010. Result: This study revealed that carcinoma rectum has slightly more male prepondrance with bleeding per rectum as the most common symptom.46patients underwent circular stapled anastomosis and 24 patients underwent handsewen anastomosis.Most common complication postoperatively was anastomotic leak and rectal stenosis being the most common delayed complication in circular stapled anastomosis.Post operative chemotherapy and radiotherapy was given in all patients with stage II and stage III disease.Most common local recurrence was seen in rectum and liver being the most common site for distant metastasis. Discussion: Anastomotic leak remains the most common complication after sphincter preservation.Local recurrence is most common in local rectal region itself and liver remains the most common site for distant metastasis.Circular stapled device has rendered safe low anastomosis.TME remains the standard treatment to achieve best oncological outcome in middle and lower rectal cancers.Adjuvant treatment has definite role in stage II and stage III disease. With widespread acceptance of distal 2cm tumor free margin,sphincter preservation using circular stapler anastomosis has rendered safe low rectal anastomosis.

Lassa fever is a viral hemorrhagic, Rodent-borne disease caused by the Lassa virus. It is mainly endemic in the Sub-regions of West Africa, including Nigeria due to the predominance of the zoonotic host in the region. Treatment options in Nigeria presently are limited and mortality rate is also high, due to lack of an approved preventive Vaccine, with Ribavirin being the major therapy for now. Our analytical findings unveiled that the genetic diversity among the different strains of Lassa fever has the ability to circumvent the immune system and this poses a critical challenge to the development of therapeutics for the disease. Hence understanding the biochemical mechanism of host immune invasion by the virus and its genetic polymorphism is key in the development of more effective therapeutics to combat this deadly virus, especially now that recent reviews have identified the Lassa fever Nucleoprotein (which functions in several aspects of the viral life cycle) as a novel target for therapeutics. Moving forward, Lassa fever Nucleoproteins inhibitors inhibitors can be employed as effective therapeutics to potentially inhibit the disease replication. Effective preventive measures, vaccine development, Repurposing of existing drugs using activity or in silico-based and computational bioinformatics, would be critical in the development of novel therapeutics for Lassa fever treatment.

The design and implementation of a fire prevention and control system using ATmega328P was successfully designed and implemented to curb the frequent fire outbreak in Africa. The system was designed to trigger alarm ON whenever gas leakage or smoke is detected and as well triggers ON fire extinguishing fan ON to suck the gas away from the premise. The Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) as well indicates the system performance measure of the premises at any point in time. The Arduino UNO is used as the main controller of the system and the buzzer for notification when there is danger. The system will detect the leakage using a gas sensor MQ-5 and use the buzzer for alarm to alert the public/authorities that there is danger in the premises. The system uses two indicator LED Lights; the Green LED light indicates that there was no gas leakage detected in the premises whereas the Red LED light indicate that there was gas leakage detected and needs immediate intervention. This designed and implemented device has 15% performance efficiency compared to the existing ones and will be of a very good help to African countries as it has the ability to prevent fire outbreak in promises.

Co-infection with both HIV and malaria presents a complex medical challenge, particularly concerning hematocrit variations that often result in anemia in affected individuals. This comprehensive review aims to explore and synthesize existing literature to elucidate the multifaceted nature of hematocrit alterations observed in HIV patients concurrently infected with malaria. The pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to hematocrit variations in this co-infected population involve a complex interplay between the immunosuppressive effects of HIV and the hemolytic nature of malaria parasites. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted interventions. Diagnostic challenges abound due to overlapping symptoms and limitations in conventional diagnostic tools, necessitating the exploration of more advanced diagnostic methodologies to accurately assess and monitor hematocrit levels in co-infected individuals. The clinical implications of hematocrit variations in this context extend beyond mere anemia, impacting disease severity, treatment response, and the overall prognosis of affected patients. Anemia complicates therapeutic interventions, potentially affecting the efficacy of antiretroviral and antimalarial treatments. Persistent anemia in co-infected individuals increases vulnerability to opportunistic infections and compromises treatment outcomes, underscoring the necessity for comprehensive management strategies. These strategies encompass a holistic approach involving antiretroviral therapies, antimalarial drugs, nutritional support, and potential interventions such as blood transfusions in severe cases. In conclusion, this review consolidates current knowledge, emphasizing the need for further research to elucidate the nuances of hematocrit variations in HIV patients co-infected with malaria. Improved understanding, enhanced diagnostic modalities, and optimized management strategies are crucial to mitigate the impact of anemia and improve outcomes in this vulnerable patient population.

The main purpose of the study was to find out and compare the Social Adjustment between Kashmir Division and Jammu Division school going students. The subjects for the study were taken 500 in which (250) were from Kashmir Division and (250) were from Jammu Division. The subjects were selected by using simple random sampling method. Social Adjustment was considered as variable for the present study. The Social Adjustment of two divisions was measured through Standard Questionnaire constructed by R.C. Deva which consists of (100 Items). No motivation technique was used while filling the Questionnaire of Social Adjustment by the students of both divisions (Jammu & Kashmir). It was hypothesized that there may be significant difference in Social Adjustment between Kashmir Division and Jammu Division students. After the collection of data from the subjects through the Standard Questionnaire, the data was analysed by using statistical techniques ‘t’ test in order to test the hypothesis. The level of significance was set at 0.05 levels. The analysis of data has been presented and applied in the following order i,e Means, Standard Deviations. The range of scores was calculated and shown in tabular form and graphical form respectively.

Early Infant Diagnosis (EID) plays a crucial role in ensuring a HIV-free start for newborns born to HIV-positive mothers. This review highlights the significance of EID in pediatric HIV care, emphasizing its role in timely identification of HIV infection, prevention of morbidity and mortality, facilitation of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) programs, reduction of HIV transmission, and promotion of long-term health outcomes. Despite its importance, EID faces challenges such as limited access to testing services and logistical constraints. Addressing these challenges requires strengthening health systems and leveraging innovative approaches to expand access to EID services. Investing in EID programs is essential for achieving global HIV elimination targets and advancing towards an AIDS-free generation.