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This study was performed to investigate the effect of recombinant bovine Somatotropin (rbST) treatment on some haemortological in primaparous Kundhi buffaloes. Sixteen primaparous Kundhi buffaloes were divided into two groups keeping 8 animals in each group. Group-I served as control and Group-II was treated with 250 mg of rbST fortnightly for 166 days of 1st lactation. The rbST treatment was started after 60 days of lactation. Blood samples were collected every week during pre-treatment (average 60 days) and post-treatment (average 166 days) of 1st lactation. The findings revealed a non significant variation in the erythrogram whereas, leucogram showed a leucocytosis accompanied by neutrophilia and lymphocytosis. They attributed the increase in total leukocytes and lymphocytes as positive response of immune system of buffaloes to rbST treatment. Haemotological values of Granulocytes (GR#), Lymphocytes (LY#), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), Monocytes (MO#), Mean Platelet Volume (MPV), Platelets (P1t), Pct (%), Platelet distribution width (PDW), and White blood cells (WBC) in rbST treated and non-treated buffaloes were affected during various physiological conditions and weather. Mean values of granulocyte (GR#) was significantly decreased (P<0.01) during parturition and winter weather in rbST treated buffaloes as compare to control group. Mean values of Haemogglobin (Hb) was significantly declined (P<0.01) during parturition, lactation and dry period in rbST treated buffaloes as compare control group. Mean values of lymphocyte was significantly decreased (P<0.01) in rbST treated buffaloes during various physiological condition in rbST treated buffaloes as compare to control group. Mean values of MCV was significantly declined (P<0.05) during conception and parturition in buffaloes. Mean values of PCV was significantly (P<0.01) increased during open days, conception and winter in rbST treated buffaloes as compare to control group. Mean values of platelet distribution were significantly increased (P<0.01) during lactation, dry period, conception, summer and winter in rbST treated group as compare to control group. Red Blood cell values were significantly (P<0.01) increased during lactation and parturition in rbST treated buffaloes as compare to control group. Red blood distribution width (RDW) was significantly (P<0.05) increased after administration of rbST during summer as compare to control group. Whereas, rbST treatment did not significantly affected the values of RDW during other physiological conditions in buffaloes. White blood cells were significantly lower (P<0.01) during various physiological conditions in rbST treated buffaloes as compare to control group. In conclusion, application of rbST produced a non-significant variation in the blood profile in primaparous kundhi buffaloes. But erythrogram and leucogram values showed a leucocytosis accompanied by neutrophilia and lymphocytosis after rbST treatment. Haemotological values of both groups were affected during various physiological conditions and weather.

The current research investigates Impact Analysis of Camel Behaviour of Eastern Balochistan ranges and Sulaiman mountain ranges. A survey was conducted from 100 respondents from Eastern of Eastern Balochistan ranges and Sulaiman mountain ranges. Structural questionnaire were developed for the validity and reliability of the data.It was revealed that two factors have mainly caused rangeland deterioration (i.e. institutional implications due to excessive population growth and external social and economic forces coupled with no management). For example, migrations of 0.6 million Afghan refugees with their 4.8 million animals to Balochistan have devastated large scale grazing resources in northern highlands. Other effects of this sudden increase equivalent to 14% of total livestock and human population in Balochistan on a fragile environment have been drastic (Cossins, 1988). On other hand, differentiation within communal setup has gradually given way to increased divergence of interest and unequal concentration of power. This, in turn, enabled the more powerful families to press for exclusionary use and de facto appropriation of common resources and as a consequence, subverting and eroding gradually the corporate communal institutional arrangements.

This research investigates the Socio Economics characteristics of Camel herders of sandy deserts. Data were collected from various primary and secondary sources It was found that literacy ratio was very poor in all sampled deserts. However, relatively higher proportion of children (both boys and girls) of camel herders in Thai desert were going to school followed by Choiistan desert. As far as land ownership is concerned, very few camel herders in Thai. It was further revealed that An understanding of this family system revealed a cohesive relationship among its members proposing a unique social system. Because of interdependency feature, a joint family system has largely existed in camel herders of the deserts, which operates according to certain norms. The forces of norms were effective and strong in these families through thick and thin, claiming the joint family system as sustainable. Since every one had to play a role according to his/her status with in the family, it was observed that family members not only performed a specific roles but also obeyed other members with various levels of authority.

The current research investigates Socio-Economic Characteristics of Herders Of Irrigated Plains. Data were collected from primary as well as secondary data. It was revealed that household head in rice, mixed and cotton zones of Punjab was 31, 36 and 33 years respectively (table 44). it ranged from 20-56, 25-6 1 and 23-50 yeas in rice, mixed and cotton zone in Punjab, respectively. Number of years of farming experience might positively be associated with risk taking, particularly in the adoption of crop production technology. Mean years of farming experience of household head in rice and cotton zones of Sindh was 29 and 34 years, respectively. It ranged from 21 to 48 and 24 to 58 respectively (table 44). The farming experience plays a significant role in the adoption of improved production technology and managing institutional arid technological mobilization.

A pace of development process may closely be linked with level of education and skills of human resource within a society. Therefore, education can be regarded as an important factor affecting livestock farmers’ and herders’ participation in developmental activities and adoption of improved technologies and practices related to all kinds of livestock enterprises including camel husbandry. Educational levels of sample farmers is given in table 72. Majority of them (92.26%) were illiterate where as only

This research investigates the camel production system in Pakistan. Data were collected from various primary and secondary sources. The results indicates that Livestock production is main land use in the western Balochistan mountainous region, Sulaiman mountains and Rod Kohi areas. It is a traditional system based upon rangeland grazing in hills, valleys etc and integrated with crop farming depending; on availability of run off water. The livestock component of farming system is managed in such a way to meet much of subsistence needs of any farm family during a year whenever water is not sufficient for crop growth. Most area is used for grazing by camels, sheep, goats and cattle. These are owned by nomads as well as local settled population.

This study was performed on 12 dogs, divided in two Groups (A and B) placing six animals in each randomly to determine the best suturing technique from single layer inverting and double layer inverting suture techniques for cystotomy.. In group-A the cystotomy incision was closed with single layer inverting suturing technique, while in group-B the bladder wound was closed with double layer inverting suturing technique in which a simple continuous pattern was followed by cushing suturing pattern. Both techniques were evaluated by ultrasonographic examination and urine anlaysis. Results revealed more urine retention in group-A as compared to group-B. While more number of uric acid crystals were seen in group-B than group-A post operatively. It was concluded that double layer inverting suture technique significantly decrease bladder intraluminal diameter which result in frequent urination and less residual urine volume, also it showed that nidus formation can lead to accumulation of uric acid crystals in urinary bladder after cystotomy

Green supply chain management (GSCM) has become a prevalent practice around the world due to increasing awareness of environmental protection and sustainability. Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) are under tremendous pressure to transform their supply chain practices into green operations to strengthen their green image and ensure environmental sustainability. The GSCM aims to accomplish sustainable development goals (SDGs) by reducing ecological damage generated by traditional supply chain practices. Thus, it is important to reorganize SMEs\\\' supply chain operations into GSCM practices such as green design, green production, green purchase, a green warehouse, logistics, and reverse logistic operations. This study has undertaken the case of four SMEs for assessing GSCM practices in the context of Sindh. In this research study, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is proposed to evaluate and rank six GSCM factors (criteria) and sixteen sub-factors (sub-criteria). The AHP findings show that green design is a top priority factor following green purchasing and green production for implementing the GSCM practices. This study intends to aid SMEs in adopting GSCM practices in Sindh.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer to be diagnosed in more than 100 nations and is the main reason why most women die from cancer. This article mainly reviewed the breast cancer in the worldwide and emphasizes on the burden of BC in developing countries. Different developing nations like Nigeria, Jordan, Fiji Islands, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, South Africa, Brazil, China etc. have shown higher death rates and their women are struggling highly with BC due to many factors: economically instability, poor infrastructure and unawareness. The incidence and mortality rates of respective regions and countries are described with comparison between developed and developing countries. In conclusion, there are various ways to detect and diagnose BC and reasons to show their dominance in certain regions of the world.

Agriculture serves as the primary means of subsistence for a significant portion of Pakistan\'s population, as well as in several other nations currently engaged in economic development. The process of establishing a marketing system in Pakistan entails various challenges as well as potential opportunities. The implementation of this solution holds the potential to enhance market accessibility, reduce post-harvest losses, and establish connections between rural farmers and a broader customer base. These various factors collectively contribute to enhancing the overall efficiency of agricultural supply chains. The comprehensive supply chain management (SCM) process encompasses a value chain that recognizes and addresses drawbacks, factors related to value addition, and liability factors. This empowers retailers to effectively manage their supply chain. The research encompasses the methodology employed to analyze both traditional markets and larger outlets. The analysis incorporates the Political, Economic, Social, and Technological dimensions to assess the various factors impacting both markets. The findings indicate that the traditional market offers competitive pricing with occasional price fluctuations. However, larger outlets exhibit various factors that contribute to increased price volatility within the system, necessitating a more robust value supply chain. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that both markets have their own set of advantages and disadvantages.

The aim of this study is to develop a cost effective, nutritious, homemade homogeneous blend of locally available food ingredients into a complementary baby food for 6-24 months of age that will be acceptable, deployable and prevent malnutrition in this age bracket. The nutritional and anti-nutritional values of the formulated foods were compared with imported baby food and two locally available baby formulas. Two baby food formulas were developed based on protein contents of available food commodities: DFA (Yellow corn 60%, Soya beans 20%, Groundnut 15% and Crayfish 5%) and DFB (Yellow corn 65%, Soya beans 15%, Groundnut 15% and Crayfish 5%). Standard procedures of the AOAC (2016) and other methods were used to determine proximate, phytochemicals and anti-nutrient properties of the foods. The mean± standard error of mean for moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat and carbohydrate contents of the DFA respectively are; (4.08±0.04), (2.27±0.14), (15.19±0.08), (0.95±0.04), (10.14±0.10) and (67.37±0.27) while for DFB they are; (4.09±0.19), (1.76±0.03), (15.96±0.20), (0.69±0.02), (14.50±0.2) and (62.99±0.03) respectively. The overall results indicated that the proximate parameters and energy contents of the developed homogeneous blends were similar, lower or higher than values in the control formula but all within the acceptable limits. Samples were also rated using a 9-point hedonic scale range from “like extremely” (9) to “dislike extremely” (1) for sensory evaluation. Conclusively, it is believed that complementary foods from locally available food commodities have great potential in providing nutrients aimed at combating the problem of malnutrition among infants and toddlers between the ages of 6 to 24 months.

The nutritional adequacy of micronutrients depends on their amount and bioavailability in the complementary foods. The aim of this study is to develop a cost effective, nutritious, homemade homogeneous blend of locally available food ingredients into a complementary baby food for 6-24 months of age that will be acceptable, deployable and prevent malnutrition in this age bracket. Two baby food formulas were developed based on protein contents of available food commodities: DFA (Yellow corn 60%, Soya beans 20%, Groundnut 15% and Crayfish 5%) and DFB (Yellow corn 65%, Soya beans 15%, Groundnut 15% and Crayfish 5%). Standard procedures of the AOAC (2016) and other methods were used to determine the micronutrient contents (minerals and vitamins) of the foods. The mean± standard error of mean for iron, zinc, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium and phosphorus contents of the DFA respectively are; (6.73±0.01), (3.24±0.02), (180.72±0.23), (135.74±0.00), (385.65±0.17), (31.51±0.26) and (350.80.37±1.57) while for DFB they are; (6.79±0.17), (3.53±0.01), (150.93±0.34), (132.81±0.05), (365.83±0.03), (32.27±0.16) and (354.37±2.23) respectively which showed a significant difference (p<0.05) with the control baby food. Vitamins A, B1, B9, C and E for DFA from the analysis are respectively: (1391.38±3.15), (3.76±0.04), (20.21±0.06), (13.67±0.41) and (4.74±0.10) while for DFB are: (1072.48±7.97), (3.34±0.08), (22.15±0.16), (11.52±0.00) and (3.82±0.11) respectively which also showed significant difference with the control baby food. Samples were also rated using a 9-point hedonic scale range from “like extremely” (9) to “dislike extremely” (1) for sensory evaluation but showed no significant difference statistically with the control baby food. The study revealed that it is possible to prepare nutritionally adequate and acceptable complementary diet (rich in vitamins and minerals) from readily available and affordable food commodities.