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The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is one of the health burdens ravaging the world with severe impact in developing regions. Women and young girls are more threatened by HIV infection than their male counterparts. Notably, in 2022, 63% of all new HIV infections were attributed to women in sub-Saharan Africa. The anatomical architecture of the female genital tracts, poverty, gender imbalance, unrefined cultural norms aimed at subjugating women, early exposure to sex and marriage, and illiteracy are fingered to contribute to the increased risk of HIV infection in women and young girls. Mitigating these factors will no doubt help curb the prevalence of HIV infection. Herein, we highlighted some measures that could help turn down women’s risk of getting HIV including abstinence, regular use of condoms, delay in sexual exposure, maintaining one faithful partner, timely voluntary counseling and testing, formal education, monitoring of alcohol use, proper dieting, and scrapping of cultural norms targeted at subjugating women. Successfully turning down HIV infection risk in women and young girls will be a breakthrough in the combat against HIV infection since women and young girls being the most vulnerable group must have been salvaged. This paper reviewed the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in women and young girls, the factors fueling the high prevalence, and enumerated key areas to target in order to minimize this menace. Related published data from various databases were utilized.

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF)during a baby\'s first six months of life is still a vital worldwide public health approach that UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO) support. The numerous advantages of early brain feeding (EBF) include decreased rates of morbidity and mortality in children, healthcare cost savings, improved mother-child bonding, and decreased risks of a variety of childhood illnesses. Nevertheless, the global incidence of EBF is below desired levels, especially in East Africa, despite these well-established benefits. The present publication provides a complete review of exclusive breastfeeding practices in East Africa, focusing on mom knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Research indicates notable deficiencies in mothers\' comprehension and compliance with EBF guidelines within the area. While there are several obstacles to optimum breastfeeding practices, including cultural views, HIV worries, a lack of awareness, and societal influences, interventions such as counseling and educational campaigns have not demonstrated much success, especially when it comes to young moms. The article also investigates the possible function of religious authorities as powerful proponents of exclusive breastfeeding. Considering the significant impact that religious leaders have on East African communities, enlisting their support seems to be a viable way to improve EBF practices and close current gaps. Using the power of religious leaders in conjunction with current initiatives may be a crucial way to promote and maintain the best possible breastfeeding practices, which would eventually improve the health and well-being of infants in the area.

Pregnancy demands unique nutritional necessities different from those of women who are not pregnant, involving vital roles of vitamins, minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids. These elements are pivotal for the progression of a healthy pregnancy, aiding mothers in coping with common discomforts and averting complications. Presently, supplementation recommendations for pregnant women vary across nations, prompting the need for comprehensive nutrition counseling as a pivotal aspect of prenatal care. The state of a woman\'s nutrition has a major effect on her health, the course of her pregnancy, and the welfare of her fetus and newborn. Providers of healthcare must recognize and address these distinctive nutritional requisites, advocating for tailored counseling that considers diverse factors such as availability of food, social, ethnic background, cultural dietary selections, and body mass index. Adjustments become imperative in instances of pregnancy complications like gestational diabetes. Collaboration with nutritionists or registered dietitians is instrumental in delivering effective dietary interventions. This review underscores the benefits and current guidelines for mineral, vitamin, and omega-3 fatty acid intake during pregnancy while cautioning against the adverse effects of excessive nutrient consumption and advocating for consistent nutritional guidance.