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Hydrogen is one of the best possibilities for storing renewable energy in the power generation industry, and ammonia and hydrogen can be utilized in gas turbines to increase the flexibility of the power system. In order to cut emissions in coal-fired power plants, ammonia could potentially be used. This paper seek to see the usefulness, advantages, disadvantages, and classification of hydrogen fuel technology in renewable energy and to find various measures that could be taken in order to sustain the usage of hydrogen fuel in the subject.

This study was done to determine the release of cytokines (IL-6, IL-8 and TNF) in stored whole blood. Fifty (50) samples were collected from 50 subjects for the study. These comprise of 25 males and 25 females. The subjects comprise of adults aged 18-40 years with 29 years as the mean age. The study was conducted at GEM Research Laboratories. The IL-6, IL-8 and TNF were assayed respectively for all subjects on 0 day, 14th day and 35th day. The mean levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF were 10.68 pg/ml, 3.40 pg/ml, and 1.43 pg/ml respectively for 0 day, 7.56 pg/ml, 16.52 pg/ml, and 7.88 pg/ml respectively for 14th day, and 5.12 pg/ml, 124.24 pg/ml, and 59.08 pg/ml respectively for 35th day. Significant statistical difference (p<0.05) was observed in IL-6 and IL-8 mean levels across all groups (0/14th day, 0/35th and 14th/35th day) compared except in 0/14th where TNF mean levels showed no significant statistical difference (p>0.05). We recommend pre storage white cell reduction for whole blood and all red cell components.

According to UNAIDS, there were approximately 37.9 million people across the globe with HIV/AIDS in 2018. Of these, 36.2million were adult and 1.7 million were children (<15years old). New HIV infection – An estimated 1.7 million individuals worldwide were newly infected with HIV in 2018.Blood coagulation abnormalities occur frequently in people infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Researches so far shows the retrovirus is associated with endothelial dysfunction and liver damage. Both endothelial dysfunction and liver damage can result in coagulation defect because most coagulation factors are produced in the liver and some are activated by the tissues therefore default to them can lead to coagulation defect. It is therefore expected that as HIV progresses coagulation abnormalities increases. However, few studies showed the association of these abnormalities with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time with kaolin (PTTK) use to assess the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway respectively alongside with platelet count help to screen for coagulation abnormalities in HIV infected person. The intrinsic pathway comprising of factor I,II,IX,X,XI and factor XII while the extrinsic pathway comprising of factor I,II,V,VIII and factor X. HIV-related thrombocytopenia (Tr-HIV) is the most common haemostatic disorder with a high morbidity and affects patients from every risk group independently of age, sex, or stage of infection. Two mechanisms are responsible for the Tr-HIV: bone marrow failure and immunological disorders, namely, circulating immune complex deposited on the platelet membrane and the production of autoantibodies directed against platelets.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common in older people. However, while young her CKD patients usually experience a progressive loss of renal function, his 30% of his CKD patients aged 65 years and older have stable disease. Red blood cells are constantly exposed to high concentrations of oxygen that promote the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Within 24 hours, 3% of haemoglobin is oxidized to form superoxide radicals. Studies have shown that haemoglobin itself is a catalyst for free radical reactions, and redox balance is maintained by the presence of antioxidant enzymes and low molecular weight reducing agents. Kidney tubular cells are rich in mitochondria. This is because reabsorption of solutes requires energy, making kidney cells particularly susceptible to oxidative stress and damage. In addition, free radicals and preoxidants produced during acute kidney injury (AKI) and CKD can exacerbate the damage. It may also play a role in the development of severe complications in distant organs commonly seen in AKI and CKD. B. Cardiovascular disease and neurological complications. Several studies have shown that plasma markers of oxidative stress are elevated in CKD patients, indicating increased systemic oxidative stress. Biomarkers for this disease are found in blood, serum, urine, and saliva, and the use of these fluids in clinical practice can help monitor disease.

This study was carried out to determine serum electrolytes levels in kidney failure subjects undergoing dialysis in Owerri. Sixty (60) subjects between the age of eighteen and seventy years were selected for the study. Sodium & Potassium were determined by Emission Flame Photometry and Chloride was determined by Mercuric Nitrate method. The test was calculated statistically to get the means. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant while P>0.05 was considered not statistically significant. The levels of these ions were correlated. Sodium ion concentration was statistically and significantly decreased (p=0.001) in kidney failure subjects undergoing dialysis when compared with the control subjects. There was statistical significant difference (p=0.000) in the mean value of potassium ion concentration in kidney failure subjects undergoing dialysis when compared with the control subjects. There was statistical significant difference (p=0.001) in the mean value of chloride ion concentration in kidney failure subjects undergoing dialysis when compared with the control subjects. There was statistical significant difference (p=0.000) in the mean value of bicarbonate ion in kidney failure subjects undergoing dialysis when compared with the control subjects. There was a significant negative correlation of sodium ion with potassium and bicarbonate ion (r= -0.107, p=0.000; r=-0.192, p=0.000 respectively which indicates an increase in sodium with decrease in potassium and bicarbonate. There was a significant positive correlation of sodium ion with chloride ion (r=-0.185, p=0.000) which indicates increase in sodium leading to increase in chloride. There was a significant negative correlation of potassium ion with chloride (r= -0.130, p=0.000) which indicates increase in potassium leading to a decrease in chloride. There was a significant positive correlation of potassium ion with bicarbonate ion (r=-0.760, p=0.000) which indicates increase in potassium leading to increase in bicarbonate. There was significantly no correlation between chloride ion with bicarbonate ion (r=-0, p=0.000). Sodium, Chloride and Bicarbonate ion concentrations were statistically and significantly increased in kidney failure subjects undergoing dialysis when compared with the control subjects indicating hypernatremia and hyperchloremia and alkalosis respectively while Potassium ion concentrations was decreased indicating hypokalemia. The use of dialysis is effective in balancing the levels of these ions that were abnormally low and high respectively in Kidney failure subjects.

In recent years, occupational health hazards have grown as one of the major public health issues worldwide. The present study was aimed to assess the level of cardiac enzymes among petroleum filling station attendants in Owerri. The study subjects consisted of twenty individuals working as petrol station attendants in Owerri, Imo State for three years and twenty apparently healthy males and females who are not occupationally exposed. Blood samples were collected aseptically by venopuncture, using a 5ml sterile disposable syringe and needle from petrol station attendants and Controls was disposed into a labeled plain dry specimen container. All reagents were commercially purchased and the manufacturer’s standard operational procedures were strictly followed. All data obtained in the study were analyzed using the independent student t-test (SPSS.20). The level of significance was set at P=0.05. The mean value of Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) was significantly increased in petrol attendants (2.35±0.50)ng/ml when compared to controls (1.17±0.66)ng/ml. The mean value of Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was significantly increased in petrol attendants (310.74±20.69)IU/L when compared to controls (282.95±13.76)IU/L. The mean value of Aspartate transaminase(AST) was significantly increased in petrol attendants (22.16±4.39)IU/L when compared to controls (11.05±2.61)IU/L. There was a non-significant positive correlation (r=0.06, p=0.808; r=0.13, p=0.574) between Creatine kinase-MB with Lactate dehydrogenase and Aspartate transaminase in petrol attendants. In conclusion it was observed that the petrol pump attendants are at greater risk of developing biochemical alterations in the cardiac enzymes with time due to the significant increase in the level of Aspartate transaminase, Creatine kinase-MB and Lactate dehydrogenase.

Bacteriological assessment of and associated antibacterial profile of poultries kept under different unused litter. Twenty four (24) unused litters) collected in Mc Cartney bottles were gently shook. stirred with sterile glass rod until the droppings mixed thoroughly and aliquot (0.1ml) was pure plated in nutrient agar and selective and differential media. The plates were inverted and incubated aerobically at 37?C for 24hrs after which the plates were examined for growth. The bacteria colonies that develop on all media plates were sub-cultured by streaking on a freshly prepared nutrient agar plates until pure colonies were obtained. Isolates obtained were characterized and identified on the basis of their microscopic and sugar fermentation characteristics, Gram staining, biochemical tests and morphological characteristics of the colonies through macroscopic features were also carried out. The bacterial isolates from feacal droppings were Klebsiella spp., Escherichia. coli, Streptococcuss spp., Citrobacter spp., Salmonella spp. and Aerobacter spp., while only Klebsiella spp., E. coli, Citrobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. were isolated from unused litters. The bacterial isolates have multidrug resistance (MDR) and showed high resistance to Ampicillin, Ceftriaxone, Augmentin, Tetracycline and Sulfamethoxasole. It was concluded from this study that the poultry droppings harboured pathogenic bacteria some of which were multiple antibiotics resistant which may be linked with indiscriminate use of antimicrobial agents, use of leftover antibiotics from a family member and improper discontinuation of antibiotics. There should be regulation on the use of antibiotics for growth promotion and disease prevention in poultry birds. Feed and water troughs should be cleaned daily and fresh feed and water should be supplied.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer to be diagnosed in more than 100 nations and is the main reason why most women die from cancer. This article mainly reviewed the breast cancer in the worldwide and emphasizes on the burden of BC in developing countries. Different developing nations like Nigeria, Jordan, Fiji Islands, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, South Africa, Brazil, China etc. have shown higher death rates and their women are struggling highly with BC due to many factors: economically instability, poor infrastructure and unawareness. The incidence and mortality rates of respective regions and countries are described with comparison between developed and developing countries. In conclusion, there are various ways to detect and diagnose BC and reasons to show their dominance in certain regions of the world.

Lassa fever is a zoonotic disease caused by Lassa virus, which is a single-stranded RNA virus. Even though the virus was first described in the 1950s, it was not identified until 19691 and was subsequently named after a town in the present Borno state of Nigeria where the first case of the disease was recorded. The primary host of Lassa virus is a rodent of the genus. Mastomys, also referred to as ‘multimammate rat’. Once infected, Mastomys rats do not become ill but can shed the virus in their urine and faeces. Humans become infected from contact with the urine and faeces of infected rats. The infection can also occur in the process of hunting and processing rats for consumption. The virus is spread between humans through direct contact with blood, urine, faeces or other secretions from the infected person. As the world becomes increasingly connected, viral diseases, such as Lassa fever, once endemic to a region can be easily transmitted to other parts of the world, thus increasing the likelihood of a global pandemic. To reduce the probabilities of such events playing out, deliberate and concerted efforts must be applied towards both understanding Lassa fever and limiting infection rates. Therefore, measures that are limited in keeping of rodent out of homes and food supplies, as well as maintaining effective personal hygiene should be employed. Gloves, face masks, laboratory coats, and goggles are advised while in contact with an infected person.

In Uganda, newborn care remains poor since more than 75% of newborn deaths still results from preventable causes if appropriate newborn care practices are implemented. This study explored the knowledge and practices on newborn care among nurses in Kitagata hospital, Sheema Districts. A cross sectional study design was used to assess 40 nurses who were selected by simple random sampling and assessed by questionnaire, data was analyzed by SPSS and results presented by tables and figures. Results revealed that all 40(100%) nurses had ever heard of new born baby care, 40(100%) to identify preterm babies, 36(90%) had ever got extra training on baby care, 39(97.5%) knew hypothermia as a risk in new born babies while only a few 22(55%) knew that newborn babies are also at risk of hypoglycemia, 40(100%) nurses knew high temperatures as danger sign in newborns. 38(95%) of nurses had ever cared for new born baby during their professional nursing practice where 38(100%) suctioned newborn airway and did not touch newborn baby’s cord with bare hands to avoid infections, , 38(100%) of nurses-maintained warmth by attachment of babies to the mothers’ body, 30(78.9%) of nurses maintained premature glucose levels by maintenance fluids and 30(78.9%) ensured that newborn babies are also immunized yet only very few 2(5.3%) of nurses monitored for danger signs while they carried out newborn baby care. The nurse’s knowledge on newborn care were generally fair and so were their practices.

The study was focused on the knowledge, and practices of nurses towards preoperative care of surgical patients at KIU-TH Bushenyi districts.The purpose of the study wasto asses nurse’s knowledge and practices towards preoperative care of surgical patients at KIU -TH Bushenyi district. This study adopted a cross sectional study design using quantitative research approach to collect data and 35 respondents were involved, nurses on surgical, orthopaedic, and accident and emergency wards were involved in the study.According to the study, nurses have good quite good knowledge about preoperative care based on the fact that most of them clearly defined it well. The study found out that the majority of the respondents agreed that the aim of preoperative care is to prepare patients for surgery while the least strongly agreed. Response on whether there is need for nurses to establish good rapport with patients before they go for surgery in order to promote trust between the nurse and the patient showed that the majority of the patients strongly agreed while the least strongly disagreed. A big number of respondents disagreed on developing nursing care plans for the patients, while only a few strongly agreed with it.Few respondents strongly agreed that they alwaysmonitor vital observations prior to surgery while the majority strongly disagreed with it.

Mother-to-child transmission of HIV remains the most common source of paediatric HIV infection, accounting for 95% of cases, of whom, 90% are in sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose of the study was to explore the factors contributing to low retention rates of mother – Baby pairs accessing mother-baby care services at Rugazi HC IV.This study was retrospective and quantitative in nature. Data was collected by interviewing the study units, using the prepared and pretested questionnaire with 38 mother baby pairs participating in the study. Data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel spread sheet,tables, pie charts and bar graphs.The results showedthat the majority 81.6% had their spouses fail to escort them to the health facility and 57.9% self-transferred to other facilities. 84.2% respondents revealed that they were not followed up after missing appointments while 50% of mothers said that they were discriminated by community members. In conclusion, mothers in the study area were transferring themselves to other facilities, discrepancy in knowledge and fragmentation of service points within the health facility were the most leading factors the contributed to low retention of MBPs.Health service providers should be provided with knowledge on implications of retention of mother baby pairs, provision of support supervision to health units and improvement

In Uganda, hospital acquired pneumonia is the leading infection acquired from hospitals accounting for 33.3% of all hospital acquired infections. The purpose of this study was to explore knowledge and practices of nurses at Ishaka Adventist hospital on prevention of hospital acquired pneumonia. A quantitative cross sectional using a questionnaire assessed 44 nurses from Ishaka Adventist Hospital using convenient sampling method. Data obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 ad presented in tables and figures. Results of the study found that 41(93%) of nurses had heard about prevention of HAP prevention, 8(44%) of nurses did not know that suctioning catheters for very sick patients are supposed to be used once to prevent HAP, 21(51.2%) of nurses knew recovery position as safer positions for nursing very sick patients in order to prevent developing HAP 30(73.2) of nurses knew cough as early warning sign HAP, 28(68.2%) of nurses knew prophylaxis for Hap prevention 40(97.6%) of nurses knew aseptic techniques as precautions necessary for HAP prevention. 30(75%) of nurses hand washed to patient to prevent HAP, 39(97.5%) never avoided giving their HAP high risk patients PPIs, 35(87.5%) sterilized all instruments used while caring for very sick and other HAP high risk patients to prevent HAP, 36(90%) did not do oral care using salt/chrolohexidine for HAP prevention and 40(100%) of nurses who never practices rotational therapy for very sick and bedridden patients for HAP prevention. In conclusion, the knowledge on HAP prevention was poor as well as HAP prevention practices.

Some epidemiological studies have reported a relationship between thyroid dysfunctions and the risk of breast cancer’s giving the similarities between estrogen and thyroid function. This study was therefore aimed at evaluating the level of thyroid gland hormones, TSH and estrogen in breast cancer patients. A cross-sectional study was carried out in the month of September to November 2019. A total of 60 subjects attending breast cancer screening clinic of Federal Medical Center and Imo State University, Owerri were recruited for this study. The 60 subjects are between the ages of 20-60 years. The 60 subjects were divided into two groups: Group 1 (Test) consists of 30 females with breast cancer. Group 2 (Control) consists of 30 apparently healthy women with no breast cancer. Blood samples were collected, and the level of thyroid hormone and estrogen was determined. Data generated was then analysed using SPSS version 21. There was no significant difference (p=0.308 and p=0.626 respectively) in the mean value of T3 and T4 in breast cancer patients (3.42±0.07 and 1.41±0.15 respectively)µIU/ml when compared to Controls (3.11±0.64 and 1.35±0.23)µIU/ml. The mean value of TSH was significantly increased (p=0.02) in breast cancer patients (2.79±1.05)Pmol/ml when compared to controls (1.40±0.17)Pmol/ml. The mean value of estrogen was significantly increased (p=0.000) in breast cancer patients (540.39±66.70)pg/ml when compared to controls (222.10±58.09)pg/ml. There was a non significant negative correlation of serum estrogen with serum T3, and T4, (r= -0.253, p=0.682 and r=-0.107, p=0.864). There was a non significant positive correlation of serum estrogen with serum TSH (r=0.380, p=0.528). There is a strong association between breast cancer and serum concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone and estrogen, but there is no alteration in TSH hormones in breast cancer.

Previous studies indicate that uterine fibroid is associated with estrogen and other female reproductive hormones and abnormal cell proliferation. This study is aimed at determining hormones of the pituitary/gonadal axis and some trace elements in women with uterine fibroids. The study was conducted at the Obstetrics and Gynaecology unit of the Federal Medical Centre, Owerri. A total of fifty (50) subjects were recruited for the study, their blood samples were collected and used for the laboratory diagnosis of testosterone, oestrogen, Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Leutinizing Hormone (LH) and trace elements. All reagents used were commercially prepared and procured and the manufacturer’s standard operating procedures were strictly followed. All data generated from this study were subjected to statistical analysis, mean, Standard deviations, student’s t-Test, and were determined using SPSS Statistical package software for windows version 21. Results shows that serum estrogen concentration (307.71 + 71.73 mIU/L) and Testosterone concentration (3.90+ 1.08 ng/ml) was significantly higher in uterine fibroid when compared with the serum concentrations of Oestrogen (173.67+ 33.98 mIU /L) and testosterone (1.26+ 0.39 ng/ml) in control subjects at p=0.002 and p=0.000 respectively. The mean value of serum FSH (4.45+ 0.72 IU/ml) and LH (3.15+ 0.84 IU/ml) was significantly lower in uterine fibroid when compared with the mean value of serum FSH (10.69+ 2.64 IU/ml) and LH (6.10+ 0.79 IU/ml) in control subjects at p=0.000 and p=0.000 respectively. The mean value of serum copper (5.99+ 0.62 ?g/dl) and zinc (7.86+ 0.76?mol /L) was significantly lower in uterine fibroid when compared with the mean value of copper (8.56+ 1.19 ?g/dl) and Zinc (9.25+ 0.83 ?mol /L) in control subjects at p=0.000 and p=0.004 respectively. There is an alteration in the level of testosterone, estrogen, FSH, LH and trace element in women with uterine fibroid. In conclusion, increased circulating levels of testosterone with estradiol in women of child bearing age can be a higher risk factors in the development of uterine fibroid.

Peptic ulcer has been implicated in the pathogenesis of some non-gastric pathology, especially in cardiovascular disease. This study is aimed at determining the levels of markers of atherogenecity and inflammation in H. pylori infected peptic ulcer patients. A total of 60 subjects were recruited for the study of which 40 were subjects with peptic ulcer (20 are peptic ulcer patients with H.pylori and 20 are peptic ulcer patients without H. pylori) while 20 were healthy subjects. Five (5mls) of fresh venous blood was collected from all the participants by venepuncture using sterile needle and syringe. It was dispensed into clean plain sample container, and allowed to cloth and retract. The serum were separated into plain containers and stored at -20°c prior to use. All reagents were commercially purchased and the manufacturer’s operational instructions were strictly followed. Lipid profile, malondialdehyde and C-reactive protein was determined using the following procedures. Lipid profile was determined using enzymatic method, malondialdehyde was determined using enzymatic method while C-reactive protein was determined using ELISA method. All values were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analysis was carried out using student’s t-test. Values with level of significance (p<0.05) was considered to be statistically significant. There was a significant increase (p=0.002, p=0.005, p=0.000, and p=0.000 respectively) in the mean value of total cholesterol (181.73± 16.50)mg/dl, triglyceride (114.04±19.07)mg/dl, MDA (3.63±0.58)mmol/L and C-reactive protein (4.32±0.97)ug/ml in Peptic Ulcer Patients without H.pylori when compared to controls (152.00±13.90)mg/dl, (82.76±16.50)mg/dl, (2.14±0.32)mg/dl and (1.78±0.37)ug/ml respectively. The mean value of HDL was significantly reduced (p=0.000) in Peptic Ulcer Patients without H.pylori (36.93±7.25)mg/dl when compared to control (55.46+ 4.94)mg/dl. There was a significant increase (p=0.001, p=0.003, p=0.000, and p=0.000 respectively) in the mean value of total cholesterol (241.14±44.90)mg/dl, triglyceride (136.36±30.65)mg/dl, MDA (4.71±0.54)mmol/L and C-reactive protein (6.09±1.03)ug/ml in Peptic Ulcer Patients with H.pylori when compared to controls (152.00±13.90)mg/dl, (82.76±16.50)mg/dl, (2.14±0.32)mg/dl and (1.78±0.37)ug/ml respectively. The mean values of HDL was significantly reduced (p=0.000) in Peptic Ulcer Patients with H. pylori (31.32± 5.96)mg/dl when compared to control (55.46±4.94)mg/dl. There was a significant increase (p=0.007, p=0.003 and p=0.006 respectively) in the mean value of total cholesterol (241.14± 44.90)mg/dl, MDA (4.71±0.54)mmol/L and C-reactive protein (6.09±1.03)ug/ml in peptic ulcer patients with H.pylori when compared with Peptic Ulcer Patients without H. pylori (181.73±16.50)mg/dl, (3.63±0.58)mmol/L and (4.32±0.97)ug/ml respectively. There was no significant difference (p=0.128 and p=0.140 respectively) in the mean value of triglyceride (136.36±30.65)mg/dl and HDL (31.32±5.96)mg/dl in Peptic Ulcer Patients with H.pylori infectionwhen compared to Peptic Ulcer Patients with H.pylori infection (114.04±19.07)mg/dl and (36.93±7.25)mg/dl respectively Though there was some differences in the individual results. H. pylori infected peptic ulcer is associated with increased level of total cholesterol, triglyceride, malondialdehyde and C-reactive protein and a decreased level of HDL. From these results, there is a clear indication of inflammation and dyslipidaemia, which suggest acute association of H.pylori infection with cardiovascular diseases in peptic ulcer patients.

The study was conducted at Faculty of science, Federal University Dutse, Dutse LGA. Jigawa State Nigeria. Using random sampling, a total of 500 Students of Federal University Dutse, faculty of Science were assessed. These were categorized into male and female. A cross-sectional descriptive study of 500 adolescents attending Federal University Dutse, Faculty of Science, in Northwestern Nigeria was carried out to examine the association of HGS with the BMI. It was observed that the hand grip strength in both males and females are significant as the value of p is <0.05. The estimation of right handgrip strength with age, and it has shown that it have no significance because p=0.058. The estimation of left handgrip strength with age, and it has shown that it has significance because the value of p=0.0174. The right handgrip strength was higher in males than females. The handgrip strength was not always higher with respect to age. Having higher BMI does not determine higher grip strength and vice versa.

Honey has been used in ancient times in management of various health conditions and has equally been rediscovered in recent times in wound treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial potency of Honey on wound pathogens. The experimented honey was obtained from Eha-Alumona in Nsukka L.G.A and was tested for quality using the thumb test, water test and heat test. The physicochemical properties of the honey was analysed at National soil, plant, fertilizer and water laboratory in Umuahia where various methods such as spectronic method, automatic smart 3 colorimetric method and gravimetric oven drying method were used to obtain the values. Different concentration of honey 25-100% v/v were tested against each type of clinical isolates obtained from wound infection. A total of 80 bacterial isolates were collected from Federal Medical Centre Owerri among 100 subjects with a slant bottle. An antibiotic sensitivity test was done to all types of honey concentration using Agar Well diffusion method while minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined for the most potent honey concentration by the broth dilution technique. All statistical analysis was performed using (ANOVA). The wound pathogens showed certain degrees of susceptibility to honey but the level of susceptibility is dependent on honey concentration and the bacteria in question. Among the three studies wound pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive to honey at a zone diameter of 22.17mm. The MIC of honey on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 25%, 75% and 50% respectively while their MBC is 50%, 100% and 75% respectively. The experimented honey has both bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity, although result obtained from Ciprofloxacin used as control showed higher level of susceptibility on the tested bacteria than honey. Therefore, honey cannot be used to replace conventional antibiotics in tackling the problem of resistant bacteria pathogens, but should be used in line with conventional antibiotics as a suppository application.

Surgical site infections are worldwide problems in the field of surgery contributing to increased mortality and morbidity. However, despite advances in the control of surgical site infections, the risk of acquiring these infections had not fully been eliminated due to the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria pathogens. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify bacteria from surgical wounds patient.

The poor hygienic state of our abattoirs and markets where meats are sold have posed a major threat to public health. The microbial quality of meats sold in Owerri municipal Imo State, Nigeria was investigated with the aim of determining the microbial loads of meat sold in these areas. Samples numbering 110 were collected from 11 meat samples types sourced from cow, goat, and chicken. The eleven (11) meat sample types were fresh cow muscles (FCM), fresh cow intestine (FCI), fresh cow liver (FCL), and fresh cow towel (FCT). Fresh goat muscles (FGM), fresh chicken muscle (FCM), fresh goat intestine (FGI), fresh chicken intestine (FCI), Fresh goat liver (FGL), fresh chicken liver (FCL), fresh goat towel (FGT) etc. The samples were collected with sterile containers and swab sticks. The organisms isolated were Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella species, Coliform species. Fresh chicken intestine has the highest total mean bacteria count of 1.1 × 107 (cfu)/ml, followed by fresh cow towel 7.0 × 106 (cfu)/ml and lastly fresh chicken liver 8.2 ×105 (cfu)/ml. The presence of all these organisms can pose a major threat to public health. This calls for regular inspection of animals, abattoir environments and regular health check of abattoirs workers and butchers.