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Hydrogen is one of the best possibilities for storing renewable energy in the power generation industry, and ammonia and hydrogen can be utilized in gas turbines to increase the flexibility of the power system. In order to cut emissions in coal-fired power plants, ammonia could potentially be used. This paper seek to see the usefulness, advantages, disadvantages, and classification of hydrogen fuel technology in renewable energy and to find various measures that could be taken in order to sustain the usage of hydrogen fuel in the subject.

Acute viral hemorrhagic fever, known as Lassa, was first identified in 1969 in the town of Lassa, Borno State, Nigeria. Lassa is located in the valley of the Yeseram River near the southern end of Lake Chad. Three weeks after being infected with Lassa virus, patients feel sick. Pathogenesis is associated with immunosuppression, uncontrolled viral replication and host response, and infection does not cause lytic damage. Lassa viruses disable the host\\\'s immune system in several ways. The typical endosomal trafficking pathway essential for innate immune system recognition is bypassed. The most useful way for diagnosis is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from blood. Sensitivity was reported as 79 % on the first day of hospitalization, increasing to 100 % on the third day. One of the most effective approaches to contain the spread of Lassa fever in endemic areas is to improve community cleanliness.

Full blood count is one of the critical laboratory tests. It provides information about the production of all blood cells, identifies the patient\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s ability to carry oxygen by evaluating red blood cell counts, and allows for immune system evaluation by assessing white blood cell counts with differential. This test helps diagnose anaemia, certain cancers, infections, and many others, as well as monitor the side effects of certain medications. For this reason, medical laboratories are flooded with a large number of blood and tissue samples that need to be analyzed as accurately as possible and in the shortest possible time. Moreover, it has different advantages, such as being cheap, simple to perform, and availability in different departments, from the emergency room to the critical care unit. Due to its usefulness in the assessment of health status of individuals, its parameters in cord blood, a major source of haemopoietic stem cell transplantation and an ideal source for laboratory investigations for newborns were determined to provide a useful guide to local neonatologists and stem cell transplant physicians. Therefore, it is critical to utilize this laboratory test to provide better care for patients.

Hypertension is a public health problem which has cut across all spheres of life and walks of life. From the literature review, the researcher has found that most hypertensive patients are less engaged in healthy behaviours because of knowledge deficit. The literature reviews also indicated that gender, age, level of education, lifestyle, and compliance to treatment regimen had significant association with healthy behaviours in patients with hypertension.

This study was done to determine the release of cytokines (IL-6, IL-8 and TNF) in stored whole blood. Fifty (50) samples were collected from 50 subjects for the study. These comprise of 25 males and 25 females. The subjects comprise of adults aged 18-40 years with 29 years as the mean age. The study was conducted at GEM Research Laboratories. The IL-6, IL-8 and TNF were assayed respectively for all subjects on 0 day, 14th day and 35th day. The mean levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF were 10.68 pg/ml, 3.40 pg/ml, and 1.43 pg/ml respectively for 0 day, 7.56 pg/ml, 16.52 pg/ml, and 7.88 pg/ml respectively for 14th day, and 5.12 pg/ml, 124.24 pg/ml, and 59.08 pg/ml respectively for 35th day. Significant statistical difference (p<0.05) was observed in IL-6 and IL-8 mean levels across all groups (0/14th day, 0/35th and 14th/35th day) compared except in 0/14th where TNF mean levels showed no significant statistical difference (p>0.05). We recommend pre storage white cell reduction for whole blood and all red cell components.

According to UNAIDS, there were approximately 37.9 million people across the globe with HIV/AIDS in 2018. Of these, 36.2million were adult and 1.7 million were children (<15years old). New HIV infection – An estimated 1.7 million individuals worldwide were newly infected with HIV in 2018.Blood coagulation abnormalities occur frequently in people infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Researches so far shows the retrovirus is associated with endothelial dysfunction and liver damage. Both endothelial dysfunction and liver damage can result in coagulation defect because most coagulation factors are produced in the liver and some are activated by the tissues therefore default to them can lead to coagulation defect. It is therefore expected that as HIV progresses coagulation abnormalities increases. However, few studies showed the association of these abnormalities with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time with kaolin (PTTK) use to assess the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway respectively alongside with platelet count help to screen for coagulation abnormalities in HIV infected person. The intrinsic pathway comprising of factor I,II,IX,X,XI and factor XII while the extrinsic pathway comprising of factor I,II,V,VIII and factor X. HIV-related thrombocytopenia (Tr-HIV) is the most common haemostatic disorder with a high morbidity and affects patients from every risk group independently of age, sex, or stage of infection. Two mechanisms are responsible for the Tr-HIV: bone marrow failure and immunological disorders, namely, circulating immune complex deposited on the platelet membrane and the production of autoantibodies directed against platelets.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) comprises a group of lymphoid neoplasms that are morphologically and immunophenotypically similar to B and T lineage progenitors. The pathogenesis of ALL involves the abnormal proliferation and differentiation of clonal populations of lymphoid cells. Studies in pediatric populations have identified genetic syndromes that predispose to a small number of ALL cases, including Down\\\'s syndrome, Fanconi\\\'s anemia, Bloom\\\'s syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia, and Nijmegen\\\'s breakdown syndrome. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia has been hailed as a major success story in pediatric oncology with the advent of dose-escalating chemotherapy and allogeneic SCT. However, the high risk of this disease and the significant toxicities associated with chemotherapy in adults make the results less promising. Because some studies have shown benefits of pediatric-inspired therapies, much uncertainty remains about how adults with ALL can best be managed.

Congenital afibrinogenemia is a bleeding disorder caused by a blood clotting disorder. Normally, blood clots protect the body after an injury by blocking damaged blood vessels and preventing further blood loss. However, bleeding is uncontrolled in patients with congenital afibrinogenemia. Newborns with this condition often have prolonged bleeding from the umbilical cord stump after birth. Nosebleeds and bleeding from the gums and tongue are common and can occur without minor trauma or injury (spontaneous bleeding). Some people bleed between their joints and into their muscles. Rarely, bleeding into the brain or other internal organs can be fatal. Women with congenital afibrinogenemia may have abnormally heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia). Without proper treatment, women with this condition may have difficulty getting pregnant and have repeated miscarriages.

Afibrinogenemia is a rare blood clotting disorder with an estimated prevalence of 1: 1,000,000. It is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in one of the three genes encoding the three polypeptide chains of fibrinogen located on the long arm of chromosome 4. Spontaneous bleeding, bleeding after minor trauma, and excessive bleeding during interventional procedures are the main symptoms. Replacement therapy is the mainstay of management of bleeding episodes in these patients, with plasma-derived fibrinogen concentrate being the drug of choice. Cryoprecipitate and fresh frozen plasma are alternative treatments that should only be used when fibrinogen concentrate is not available. Secondary preventive treatment can be considered after life-threatening bleeding, but primary preventive treatment is currently not recommended. We also discuss alternative treatment options and management of surgery, pregnancy, and thrombosis in these patients. New tests to identify at-risk patients and the development of safer replacement therapies will improve the treatment of afibrinogenemia in the future.

Acute leukemia is the most common childhood malignancy, accounting for nearly 35% of all childhood cancers. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) accounts for 15-20% of childhood acute leukemias. The majority of AML cases are de novo, but a minority may present as secondary malignancies. AML is a highly heterogeneous disease, the diagnosis of which involves morphology, immunophenotyping, cytochemistry, and diagnostic analyzes involving leukemic blasts derived from peripheral blood or bone marrow exhibiting cytogenic and molecular characteristics. Includes combinations. By identifying recurrent genetic mutations, it is now possible to improve individual prognosis and guide treatment management. Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease that requires a multifaceted therapeutic approach. Although the outcomes of low-risk AML have improved significantly over the past decades, high-risk AML continues to be associated with poor prognosis. Recent advances in molecular diagnostics, risk stratification, and supportive care have helped improve outcomes in childhood AML.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common in older people. However, while young her CKD patients usually experience a progressive loss of renal function, his 30% of his CKD patients aged 65 years and older have stable disease. Red blood cells are constantly exposed to high concentrations of oxygen that promote the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Within 24 hours, 3% of haemoglobin is oxidized to form superoxide radicals. Studies have shown that haemoglobin itself is a catalyst for free radical reactions, and redox balance is maintained by the presence of antioxidant enzymes and low molecular weight reducing agents. Kidney tubular cells are rich in mitochondria. This is because reabsorption of solutes requires energy, making kidney cells particularly susceptible to oxidative stress and damage. In addition, free radicals and preoxidants produced during acute kidney injury (AKI) and CKD can exacerbate the damage. It may also play a role in the development of severe complications in distant organs commonly seen in AKI and CKD. B. Cardiovascular disease and neurological complications. Several studies have shown that plasma markers of oxidative stress are elevated in CKD patients, indicating increased systemic oxidative stress. Biomarkers for this disease are found in blood, serum, urine, and saliva, and the use of these fluids in clinical practice can help monitor disease.

HIV immune activation plays an important role in the immune pathogenesis of this disease. The mechanisms that drive this immune activation are partially defined and may be the result of multiple factors. Although the introduction of concomitant antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved life expectancy in HIV-infected individuals, some sustained immune activation occurs in these patients when plasma HIV RNA levels are \\\'undetectable\\\'. There is evidence that A better understanding of immune activation pathways should be of value in developing complementary therapies to restore the immune system in HIV-infected patients. This paper describes cytokine-mediated pathways of immune activation of her CD4 and CD8 T-cell pools during HIV infection.

This work was conducted to investigate the most prevalent parasitic infection and conditions that are responsible for diarrhoeal infection in the age range 0 - 3 years. The objective was to note how lack of infrastructural and social amenities could affect the prevalence of diarrhoea in both urban and rural communities in its environs namely Abakpa - Nike, Emene, Ugwuaji - Awkunanaw, Amechi and Agbani were undertaken. The work suggested various control measures aimed at the efficacious containment of diarrhoeal infections in the target population of the 0-3 years olds. A random sampling of a population size of 600 was utilized in the study which comprised of 300 males and 300 females. 300 were chosen from Enugu and 300 from all its environs Environmental conditions of the patients dwelling areas were established by household surveys. For bacteria isolates, E.coli ranked highest with 75 cases (12.5%) followed by Salmonellae 7 (1.2%), Shigellae 4 (0.2%). For Protozoa/helminths, Malaria parasites were highest with 333 (55.5%) followed by Ascaris 73 (12.2%), A.duodenale 39 (6.5%), T. trichiura26(4.3%), E. histolytica 15 (2.5%), and G.lambil13 (2.7%).

Diarrhea remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years old worldwide. The burden is disproportionately high among children in low- and middle-income countries. Many studies have established that the diarrhea prevalence is higher in younger children, 6-11 months, and boys than girls. Some studies have revealed that children not washing hand before meals or after defecation, mothers not washing hands before feeding children or preparing food, children eating with their hands rather than with spoons, eating of cold leftovers, dirty feeding bottles and utensils, unhygienic domestic places were associated with risk of diarrhea morbidity in children. In general, the morbidity of diarrhea is lowest in exclusively breast-fed children; it is higher in partially breast-fed children, and highest in fully-weaned children. The preventive practices according to WHO include; breast feeding, improved weaning, use of plenty of water for hygiene and clean water for drinking, hand washing, use of latrines, proper disposal of the stools of young children and immunization against measles, exclusive breast feeding during the first 4- 6 months greatly reduces the risk of severe or fatal diarrhea and the risk of other serious infections are also reduced.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is a major public health threat to the existence of human beings especially to the developing countries like in Africa. Human Immunodeficiency Virus attacks the CD4 T cells thereby suppressing the immunity of the human host. There is high level of malnutrition in the developing countries due to poor economic status of many individuals with attendant immunodeficiency which affects the patients with HIV drastically for survival. Patients with HIV infection should maintain good nutritional status with improved immunity for increased life span and effectiveness in their works. A lot of commitment from the society is needed to encourage the patients with HIV to reduce the morbidity and mortality rates associated to HIV infection.

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium species and transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in children with severe malaria is common and associated with adverse hospital outcome. It has become increasingly prevalent in both developed and developing countries and it is associated with severe morbidity and mortality especially in children. The recognized factors associated with acute kidney injury among children with severe malaria are sociodemographic factors (age, sex, age of parents and level of education of parents); clinical factors and laboratory factors such hyperparasitaemia, hypoglycaemia, low level of haemoglobin and thrombocytopenia. This review showed that there is a high prevalence of acute kidney injury among children with severe malaria. Acute kidney injury among children with severe malaria is associated with low level of education of caretakers, young age of children, history of receiving NSAIDs and anaemia. The mortality rate of children with AKI is high.

This study was carried out to determine serum electrolytes levels in kidney failure subjects undergoing dialysis in Owerri. Sixty (60) subjects between the age of eighteen and seventy years were selected for the study. Sodium & Potassium were determined by Emission Flame Photometry and Chloride was determined by Mercuric Nitrate method. The test was calculated statistically to get the means. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant while P>0.05 was considered not statistically significant. The levels of these ions were correlated. Sodium ion concentration was statistically and significantly decreased (p=0.001) in kidney failure subjects undergoing dialysis when compared with the control subjects. There was statistical significant difference (p=0.000) in the mean value of potassium ion concentration in kidney failure subjects undergoing dialysis when compared with the control subjects. There was statistical significant difference (p=0.001) in the mean value of chloride ion concentration in kidney failure subjects undergoing dialysis when compared with the control subjects. There was statistical significant difference (p=0.000) in the mean value of bicarbonate ion in kidney failure subjects undergoing dialysis when compared with the control subjects. There was a significant negative correlation of sodium ion with potassium and bicarbonate ion (r= -0.107, p=0.000; r=-0.192, p=0.000 respectively which indicates an increase in sodium with decrease in potassium and bicarbonate. There was a significant positive correlation of sodium ion with chloride ion (r=-0.185, p=0.000) which indicates increase in sodium leading to increase in chloride. There was a significant negative correlation of potassium ion with chloride (r= -0.130, p=0.000) which indicates increase in potassium leading to a decrease in chloride. There was a significant positive correlation of potassium ion with bicarbonate ion (r=-0.760, p=0.000) which indicates increase in potassium leading to increase in bicarbonate. There was significantly no correlation between chloride ion with bicarbonate ion (r=-0, p=0.000). Sodium, Chloride and Bicarbonate ion concentrations were statistically and significantly increased in kidney failure subjects undergoing dialysis when compared with the control subjects indicating hypernatremia and hyperchloremia and alkalosis respectively while Potassium ion concentrations was decreased indicating hypokalemia. The use of dialysis is effective in balancing the levels of these ions that were abnormally low and high respectively in Kidney failure subjects.

In recent years, occupational health hazards have grown as one of the major public health issues worldwide. The present study was aimed to assess the level of cardiac enzymes among petroleum filling station attendants in Owerri. The study subjects consisted of twenty individuals working as petrol station attendants in Owerri, Imo State for three years and twenty apparently healthy males and females who are not occupationally exposed. Blood samples were collected aseptically by venopuncture, using a 5ml sterile disposable syringe and needle from petrol station attendants and Controls was disposed into a labeled plain dry specimen container. All reagents were commercially purchased and the manufacturer’s standard operational procedures were strictly followed. All data obtained in the study were analyzed using the independent student t-test (SPSS.20). The level of significance was set at P=0.05. The mean value of Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) was significantly increased in petrol attendants (2.35±0.50)ng/ml when compared to controls (1.17±0.66)ng/ml. The mean value of Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was significantly increased in petrol attendants (310.74±20.69)IU/L when compared to controls (282.95±13.76)IU/L. The mean value of Aspartate transaminase(AST) was significantly increased in petrol attendants (22.16±4.39)IU/L when compared to controls (11.05±2.61)IU/L. There was a non-significant positive correlation (r=0.06, p=0.808; r=0.13, p=0.574) between Creatine kinase-MB with Lactate dehydrogenase and Aspartate transaminase in petrol attendants. In conclusion it was observed that the petrol pump attendants are at greater risk of developing biochemical alterations in the cardiac enzymes with time due to the significant increase in the level of Aspartate transaminase, Creatine kinase-MB and Lactate dehydrogenase.

Bacteriological assessment of and associated antibacterial profile of poultries kept under different unused litter. Twenty four (24) unused litters) collected in Mc Cartney bottles were gently shook. stirred with sterile glass rod until the droppings mixed thoroughly and aliquot (0.1ml) was pure plated in nutrient agar and selective and differential media. The plates were inverted and incubated aerobically at 37?C for 24hrs after which the plates were examined for growth. The bacteria colonies that develop on all media plates were sub-cultured by streaking on a freshly prepared nutrient agar plates until pure colonies were obtained. Isolates obtained were characterized and identified on the basis of their microscopic and sugar fermentation characteristics, Gram staining, biochemical tests and morphological characteristics of the colonies through macroscopic features were also carried out. The bacterial isolates from feacal droppings were Klebsiella spp., Escherichia. coli, Streptococcuss spp., Citrobacter spp., Salmonella spp. and Aerobacter spp., while only Klebsiella spp., E. coli, Citrobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. were isolated from unused litters. The bacterial isolates have multidrug resistance (MDR) and showed high resistance to Ampicillin, Ceftriaxone, Augmentin, Tetracycline and Sulfamethoxasole. It was concluded from this study that the poultry droppings harboured pathogenic bacteria some of which were multiple antibiotics resistant which may be linked with indiscriminate use of antimicrobial agents, use of leftover antibiotics from a family member and improper discontinuation of antibiotics. There should be regulation on the use of antibiotics for growth promotion and disease prevention in poultry birds. Feed and water troughs should be cleaned daily and fresh feed and water should be supplied.

The Covid-19 outbreak renders managing diabetes mellitus problematic. Infection with Covid-19 predisposes infected individuals to hyperglycemia, leading to hyper glycosylation of ACE2 and increased viral proliferation. Worsening of hyperglycaemia induces inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and thrombosis via the generation of oxidative stress driving the dysregulation of glucose metabolism and hypercoagulability. Severe infection in the individuals predisposed to vasculopathy and impaired immunity may accentuate thrombotic and ischemic complications associated with multiorgan failure and increased mortality rates. Covid-19 poses a major risk to the diabetes patients. This risk in diabetes patients could through cytokine storm. Some inflammatory cytokines especially interleukin 6 should be monitored.