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As potentially pathogenic organisms were previously isolated from different inanimate objects, it was decided to investigate, in this study, the extent of contamination of the press buttons or touch screens of public vending machines, that have now become so diverse and distributed in almost all public areas in any community. Twelve vending machines located in different places in public areas in the Ras-Beirut area were included in the study. Standard microbiology laboratory techniques were conducted and several bacterial specieswere isolated from the tested sites of the machines in the following frequencies: S. aureus (67%), coagulase-negative staphylococci. (33 %), Enterobacter cloacae (25%),Klebsiella pneumoniae (17 %), Citrobacterfreundii(17%),Serratiaficaria(17%),Rahnellaaquatilis(17%), Escherichia vulneris(8 %), Pantoeasp. (8 %), and Serratiaplymuthica(8 %). Vending machine buttons or touch screenswere proved to act as vehicles of potential pathogens, unintentionally having a significant impact on the general health of the community. The results of this study suggest the need for improved sanitization of the vending machine buttons or touch screens. However, in order to minimize the exposure to pathogens and transmission of any microbial infections among users of the vending machines, it is also recommended that proper individual hygienic precautionary measures be always taken.

Glycophosate herbicide is one of the most widely used herbicides by farmers because of its efficacy. However, little is known about its possible long term effects on important soil microflora. To investigate this, mesocosm study involving four cell, Cell I, II, III, and IV contaminated with the herbicide at concentrations of 5, 20, 50 and 0 % v/v respectively were studied between October, 2016 to March, 2017. Soil samples analysed weekly from respective cells to determine the effect of herbicide on overall heterotrophic bacterial and fungal populations, and specifically on Nitosomonas, Nitrobacter and actinomycetes populations, qualitatively and quantitatively with time. The results showed that total heterotrophic bacteria counts (THBC) and actinomycetes counts decreased with time and concentrations for the first 28 day as compared to the control before attaining steady increases. However, beyond day 90, THBC and actinomycetes counts in control cell (Cell IV) were lower than all other cells with the exception of Cell III (P ? 0.5). The total fungal counts (TFC) were not significantly affected except for Cell I that had higher TFC than other cells at day 180 (P ? 0.5). Populations of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter witnessed a progressive decrease with time and concentrations as compared to uncontaminated soil (P ? 0.5). The following genera of bacteria, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Acinectobacter, Micrococcus, Alcaligens, Achromobacter and fungi, Rhizopus, Trichoderma, Penicillium and Aspergillus were isolated. Actinomyces and Nocardia were the actinomycetes isolated. Though bacteria and fungi in soil generally recovered from the effect of glyphosate application in the long term following initial population decline except at the highest concentration of 50 % v/v, Nitrosomonas and Nitobacter (nitrogen fixers) specifically never recovered. This portend serious problem for nitrogen fixation in soil.

Background: The streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli have been considered to be the most common causative bacteria for dental decay. Antibacterial action of polycarboxylate cement reinforced by different amount of fluoroapatite and calcium fluoride is important property for the filling restoration to prevent secondary caries and to evaluate these materials to be used as base filling in which the antibacterial activity is important property for successful filling and cementing material for crowns and bridges ,thus the aim of the study was the analysis the antimicrobial activity of polycarboxylate cement reinforced by different amount of fluoroapatite and calcium fluoride. Materials& methods: fluoroapatite materials and calcium fluoride were added to polycarboxylate cement at different ratios; 0% (Control), 5% ,10%,15%, 20%, 25% (by weight). Agar diffusion method will used to evaluate the antibacterial effect polycarboxylate cement and polycarboxylate cement reinforced by different amounts of fluoroapatite and calicium fluoirde (5% ,10%,15%, 20% and 25%) in this study two bacterial strains are used ; streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli which are cultured. A six holes (5mm depth and 4mm diameter) in each Petri dish( 20 petri dish for each of two micro organism of this study) ; 10 petri dish for polycarboxylate cement and polycarboxylate cement reinforced by different amounts of fluoroapatite (5% ,10%,15%, 20% and 25%) and 10 petri dish for polycarboxylate cement and polycarboxylate cement reinforced by different amounts of calicium fluoirde (5% ,10%,15%, 20% and 25% ) . in this study the material were added in these Wells (one Well for each ratio was used) and after incubation of these Petri dishes , the inhibition zones of each microorganism of this study were measured in millimeter around each of these Wells. Results: the conclusion n this study showed that the polycarboxylate cement and polycarboxylate cement reinforced by different amounts of fluoroapatite and calicium fluoride have strong antibacterial activity against streptococus mutans and lactobacilli Bacteria. Also the results showed that the increase the ratio of fluoroapatite will statistically increase their antibacterial activity aganist streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli as far as 20%.

Nowadays, the world facing so many problems like an increase in human population, global warming, energy crisis, decrease in food availability, disease outbreak, and other so many environmental-related problems that require a solution. One of the solutions to all this is cyanobacteria, which is also known as blue-green algae. Cyanobacteria are Gram-negative bacteria, widely distributed, havea simple genome, required simple nutrients for growth, and performed oxygenic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria possess such types of mechanisms that are easily adaptable to environmental changes and grow rapidly and dense. Cyanobacteriaare useful in agriculture as biofertilizers, increase soil fertility, and nitrogen fixation, etc. can convert nitrogen into ammonia and help in nitrogen fixation. Cyanobacteria can produce bioactive compounds which having different biological activities like antibacterial, antifungal, antialgal, anti-cancer, etc. They are also helpful in bioremediation. Cyanobacteria produce pigments, enzymes, and vitamins that are helpful for industrial purposes. Besides all this, they are also used as food or nutrient supplements. Cyanobacteria are widely distributed, and easily grow enabling their use in so many different fields and development at the industrial level. Maybe there are so many hurdles we facing to solve all problems but cyanobacteria give hope to solving all these.

Bacteriological assessment of and associated antibacterial profile of poultries kept under different unused litter. Twenty four (24) unused litters) collected in Mc Cartney bottles were gently shook. stirred with sterile glass rod until the droppings mixed thoroughly and aliquot (0.1ml) was pure plated in nutrient agar and selective and differential media. The plates were inverted and incubated aerobically at 37?C for 24hrs after which the plates were examined for growth. The bacteria colonies that develop on all media plates were sub-cultured by streaking on a freshly prepared nutrient agar plates until pure colonies were obtained. Isolates obtained were characterized and identified on the basis of their microscopic and sugar fermentation characteristics, Gram staining, biochemical tests and morphological characteristics of the colonies through macroscopic features were also carried out. The bacterial isolates from feacal droppings were Klebsiella spp., Escherichia. coli, Streptococcuss spp., Citrobacter spp., Salmonella spp. and Aerobacter spp., while only Klebsiella spp., E. coli, Citrobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. were isolated from unused litters. The bacterial isolates have multidrug resistance (MDR) and showed high resistance to Ampicillin, Ceftriaxone, Augmentin, Tetracycline and Sulfamethoxasole. It was concluded from this study that the poultry droppings harboured pathogenic bacteria some of which were multiple antibiotics resistant which may be linked with indiscriminate use of antimicrobial agents, use of leftover antibiotics from a family member and improper discontinuation of antibiotics. There should be regulation on the use of antibiotics for growth promotion and disease prevention in poultry birds. Feed and water troughs should be cleaned daily and fresh feed and water should be supplied.

The human scalp is susceptible to microbial build-up if not thoroughly and frequently washed with the appropriate cleansing agent such as shampoo. Shampoo is a fast-moving commodity for hair care that is used to get rid of contaminants such as dandruff, oils, grime, skin fragments, and other contaminants that slowly accumulate in the hair. The purpose of shampoo is to remove the undesirable buildup without extracting too much sebum to leave hair unmanageable. The chemicals in shampoo may harm the healthy microorganisms in our hair. In this study, the antibacterial efficacy of the most popular shampoo products is investigated. In order to evaluate the quality in terms of biocampatibility four different brands of shampoo for both regular shampoo and anti-dandruff shampoo were selected. The present study focussed on In-vitro antibacterial activity of commonly used shampoos. The samples selected were namely Himalaya, Meera, Dove, Pantene. They were examined for in-vitro antibacterial activity for bio-compatibility. The compound were analyzed for five gram positive bacterias such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Cutibacterium, Candida albicans, gram negative bacteria Salmonella typhi and One fungi species named as Microsporum canis. The current study highlighted the anti-microbial assay of the commercially available shampoo products based on the well diffusion method. The biocompatibility of the products with seven different microbes were assessed. The experiment results have brought Interesting insights and helped to identify the safe products for dermatological relevance.

Honey has been used in ancient times in management of various health conditions and has equally been rediscovered in recent times in wound treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial potency of Honey on wound pathogens. The experimented honey was obtained from Eha-Alumona in Nsukka L.G.A and was tested for quality using the thumb test, water test and heat test. The physicochemical properties of the honey was analysed at National soil, plant, fertilizer and water laboratory in Umuahia where various methods such as spectronic method, automatic smart 3 colorimetric method and gravimetric oven drying method were used to obtain the values. Different concentration of honey 25-100% v/v were tested against each type of clinical isolates obtained from wound infection. A total of 80 bacterial isolates were collected from Federal Medical Centre Owerri among 100 subjects with a slant bottle. An antibiotic sensitivity test was done to all types of honey concentration using Agar Well diffusion method while minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined for the most potent honey concentration by the broth dilution technique. All statistical analysis was performed using (ANOVA). The wound pathogens showed certain degrees of susceptibility to honey but the level of susceptibility is dependent on honey concentration and the bacteria in question. Among the three studies wound pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive to honey at a zone diameter of 22.17mm. The MIC of honey on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 25%, 75% and 50% respectively while their MBC is 50%, 100% and 75% respectively. The experimented honey has both bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity, although result obtained from Ciprofloxacin used as control showed higher level of susceptibility on the tested bacteria than honey. Therefore, honey cannot be used to replace conventional antibiotics in tackling the problem of resistant bacteria pathogens, but should be used in line with conventional antibiotics as a suppository application.

Surgical site infections are worldwide problems in the field of surgery contributing to increased mortality and morbidity. However, despite advances in the control of surgical site infections, the risk of acquiring these infections had not fully been eliminated due to the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria pathogens. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify bacteria from surgical wounds patient.

Urinary tract infections are regarded as one of the most infection diseases caused by bacteria, especially in females, as it’s estimated that 50% of all women get at list a urinary tract infection during their life time. In community settings, urinary tract infections mainly affect women that are active sexually, whereas among the middle hospitable, they are the people of old age and the carriers, who are mostly affected. Allium sativum has for many years been known and used as one of the best active herbal plants for management of various illnesses caused by bacteria. Garlic exhibits broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria.The inhibitory effect of fresh garlic extract against gram negative multidrug resistant bacteria was the same as compared to the inhibitory effects attained from the drug-susceptible strains of Escherichia. Coli.

The poor hygienic state of our abattoirs and markets where meats are sold have posed a major threat to public health. The microbial quality of meats sold in Owerri municipal Imo State, Nigeria was investigated with the aim of determining the microbial loads of meat sold in these areas. Samples numbering 110 were collected from 11 meat samples types sourced from cow, goat, and chicken. The eleven (11) meat sample types were fresh cow muscles (FCM), fresh cow intestine (FCI), fresh cow liver (FCL), and fresh cow towel (FCT). Fresh goat muscles (FGM), fresh chicken muscle (FCM), fresh goat intestine (FGI), fresh chicken intestine (FCI), Fresh goat liver (FGL), fresh chicken liver (FCL), fresh goat towel (FGT) etc. The samples were collected with sterile containers and swab sticks. The organisms isolated were Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella species, Coliform species. Fresh chicken intestine has the highest total mean bacteria count of 1.1 × 107 (cfu)/ml, followed by fresh cow towel 7.0 × 106 (cfu)/ml and lastly fresh chicken liver 8.2 ×105 (cfu)/ml. The presence of all these organisms can pose a major threat to public health. This calls for regular inspection of animals, abattoir environments and regular health check of abattoirs workers and butchers.

Acalypha fruticosa Forssk. [Family Euphorbiaceae] commonly known as ‘Chinnichedi’ and ‘Birch-leaved.A. fruticosa is a strong smelling bushy shrub traditionally used to treat dyspepsia, stomachache, skin diseases, wounds and poisonous bites. In the present study, the phytochemicals of the ethanol and aqueous extracts of the leaves of Acalypha fruticosa were analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The phytochemicals of the ethanol and aqueous leaf extract of Acalypha fruticosa reaveled that the presence of triterpenoids, steroids, saponins, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycoside and coumarins respectively. Quantitative estimation of phytoconstituents in the powdered samples of Acalypha fruticosa showed that flavonoids were present in high amount when compared to alkaloids, tannins, phenols and saponins. To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ethanol leaves extractof Acalypha fruticosa using the standard disc diffusion method against three pathogens. Among the three organisms, Staphyloccocus aureus showed maximum zone of inhibition followed by E. coli and Candida albicans respectively.