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Toxicity of aluminum using lipid peroxidation product – Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in serum, liver and brain homogenates in male Wistar albino rats was investigated in this study. A total of eighteen (18) rats of six (6) each in a group were administered 0.38 and 38 mg/kg body weight aluminum while the control group received 0.2ml normal saline for seven and fourteen days respectively. The results from this study show that MDA concentrations were significantly higher (p<0.05) and non-significantly higher (p>0.05) in 38mg/kg and 0.38mg/kg in serum, liver and brain homogenates after 7 and 14 days of aluminum treatment. However, the MDA concentration was highest in the brain homogenate. The results suggest lipid peroxidation probably due to the generation of free radicals, though need to be investigated further.

Background: Hyponatremia in cirrhosis is currently defined as a serum sodium level of less than 130 meq/L. Recent studies have reported that lower serum sodium levels are associated with increased complications and mortality leading to incorporation of sodium in the MODEL FOR END STAGE LIVER DISEASE. Aim: To study serum sodium levels in patients admitted with cirrhosis of liver and its outcome. Materials and Methods: A hospital based survey was conducted on 100 patients of liver cirrhosis for period of 18 months. The status of the patients at the time of inclusion as well as severity of cirrhosis was assessed using Child-Pugh score and Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) Score. Results: Based on the serum sodium levels, 34% of patients had serum sodium levels less than or equal to 130. Grade 1 hepatic encephalopathy prevalence was 72.7% in sodium<130., grade 2 hepatic encephalopathy prevalence 38.9%,and grade 3 hepatic encephalopathy 57.1%.Similarly,the prevalence of SBP in the hyponatremia group is 63.6% ( p value =0.004). The prevalance of coagulopathy is 44.4% among hyponatremia group (p value =0.003). The mean CHILD PUGH SCORE in the sodium group less than or equal to 130 was high compared to sodium more than 135 High MELD score was seen in patients with sodium less than 130. All these differences are statistically significant (p value <=0.001) Conclusion: Patients with decreased serum sodium levels should be considered a high risk population because of the increased frequency of complications and mortality.

Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) are methods that have been proven to work by increasing the solubility and bioavailability of insoluble substances. There are two types: self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) and self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS). SEDDS and its isotropic mixtures contain oils, surfactants and sometimes solvents. The ability of these formulations and methods to produce thin oily liquids (o/w) after mixing and dissolution in the aqueous phase in the digestive tract makes it a promising approach for lipophilic drugs with limited absorption. An important feature of this system for lipophilic drugs is the ability to form oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions or microemulsions after dispersion in the aqueous phase through the digestive tract, indicating limited absorption of the dispersion. SEDDS may be a promising strategy to increase the rate and extent of oral absorption. Insulin, beta-lactamase, cyclosporine, ritonavir, valproic acid, bexarotene, clofazimine, dronabinol, ibuprofen, and calcitriol can be formulated using SEDDS using various combinations of surfactants and cosurfactants. This article provides an overview of SEDDS, including advantages, mechanisms of SEDDS, and different formulation approaches. SEDDS design methodology and SEDDS evaluation.

Over the years, researchers have attempted to improve the potency of medicament utilization for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Drug targeting is a phenomenon in which a drug is distributed in the body in such a way that it interacts with the target tissue at a cellular or sub-cellular level to achieve a desired therapeutic response at the desired site while avoiding unwanted interactions at other sites. This can be accomplished using modern drug delivery system targeting methods such as niosomes. Niosomes are a novel drug delivery system that encapsulates the medication in a vesicle. The vesicle is made up of a non-ionic surfactant bilayer. The particle size of the niosome must be in the range of 10 nm -100 nm. Niosomes are preferred over liposomes because they are more stable and less expensive. Niosomes enhance the pharmacological action of drug molecules by delaying the drug\'s clearance from circulation, protecting the drug from the biological environment, and limiting the effects to the target cells. It has applications in cancer treatment, as a carrier in hemoglobin, delivery of peptide drugs via the oral route, treatment of leishmaniasis, ophthalmic delivery, and as a carrier in dermal drug delivery. This review article focuses on the vesicular system\'s composition, benefits, types of niosomes, methods of preparation, characterization, and application.