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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) comprises a group of lymphoid neoplasms that are morphologically and immunophenotypically similar to B and T lineage progenitors. The pathogenesis of ALL involves the abnormal proliferation and differentiation of clonal populations of lymphoid cells. Studies in pediatric populations have identified genetic syndromes that predispose to a small number of ALL cases, including Down\\\'s syndrome, Fanconi\\\'s anemia, Bloom\\\'s syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia, and Nijmegen\\\'s breakdown syndrome. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia has been hailed as a major success story in pediatric oncology with the advent of dose-escalating chemotherapy and allogeneic SCT. However, the high risk of this disease and the significant toxicities associated with chemotherapy in adults make the results less promising. Because some studies have shown benefits of pediatric-inspired therapies, much uncertainty remains about how adults with ALL can best be managed.

Acute leukemia is the most common childhood malignancy, accounting for nearly 35% of all childhood cancers. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) accounts for 15-20% of childhood acute leukemias. The majority of AML cases are de novo, but a minority may present as secondary malignancies. AML is a highly heterogeneous disease, the diagnosis of which involves morphology, immunophenotyping, cytochemistry, and diagnostic analyzes involving leukemic blasts derived from peripheral blood or bone marrow exhibiting cytogenic and molecular characteristics. Includes combinations. By identifying recurrent genetic mutations, it is now possible to improve individual prognosis and guide treatment management. Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease that requires a multifaceted therapeutic approach. Although the outcomes of low-risk AML have improved significantly over the past decades, high-risk AML continues to be associated with poor prognosis. Recent advances in molecular diagnostics, risk stratification, and supportive care have helped improve outcomes in childhood AML.